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REWIND Answer according to your number starting with person #1:
Rules: Number off 1-6 in groups. You cannot “pass” – if you were absent you can try from your reading notes or ask for help. You have to try to put it in your own words. You can’t “rescue” someone unless they’ve made an honest attempt. Answer according to your number starting with person #1: What factors go into developing a gender role? Why is maturation happening at earlier ages today? Why is adult independence happening later? What do we call this period in between teenage years and adulthood? Who was the guy who described adolescence as a period of “storm & stress” What is the term for sexual maturity?
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Heinz’s Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2000, ten times what the drug had cost him to make. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, ut he could get together only about half of what it should cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or to let him pay later. But the druggist said no. The husband got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that? Why?
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers Not interested in whether the subject says "yes" or "no" but in the reasoning Proposed six stages, initially focusing on self and gradually focusing on social good.
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Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality
Preconventional Morality Conventional Morality Postconventional Morality
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Pre-conventional Morality (Until age 6-8)
Morality of self-interest Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards.
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Pre-conventional The child typically says that Heinz was wrong to steal the drug because "It's against the law," or "It's bad to steal," as if this were all there were to it. When asked to elaborate, the child usually responds in terms of the consequences involved, explaining that stealing is bad "because you'll get punished" (Kohlberg, 1958b).
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Conventional Morality (elementary-???)
Morality is based upon obeying laws to Maintain social order To gain social approval
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Conventional Many subjects say they understand that Heinz's motives were good, but they cannot condone the theft. What would happen if we all started breaking the laws whenever we felt we had a good reason? The result would be chaos; society couldn't function.
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Post-conventional Morality (???)
Morality based on your own ethical principles.
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Post Conventional It is the husband's duty to save his wife. The fact that her life is in danger transcends every other standard you might use to judge his action. Life is more important than property.
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Talk is Cheap. How do we turn morality into action?
Teach Empathy Self-discipline to delay gratification Modal moral behavior
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Who is Carol Gilligan? Gilligan would go on to criticize Kohlberg's work. This was based on two things. First, he only studied privileged, white men and boys. She felt that Kohlberg’s morality caused a biased opinion against women. Secondly, in his stage theory of moral development, the male view of individual rights and rules was considered a higher stage than women's point of view of development in terms of its caring effect on human relationships.
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Test Yourself: Mr. Hernandez explains to his son that the speed limit is 55 mph. He tells him to stay under the speed limit when driving because it’s the law and will probably prevent accidents. Kohlberg’s level of morality illustrated by this example is a. Preconventional b. Concrete operational c. Conventional d. Egocentric
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A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? (A) Authoritative (B) Postconventional (C) Concrete operational (D) Conventional (E) Egocentric
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Carol Gilligan’s critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development focuses primarily on: (A) the order in which stages of moral development occur (B) the key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development (C) the number of stages in moral development (D) how the course of moral development might be altered within certain cultures (E) differences between males and females in the course of moral development
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Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
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Erik Erikson A neo-Freudian Worked with Anna Freud
Thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others. Stages of Psychosocial Development. Each stage centers on a social conflict.
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Age Important Event Description
Trust vs. Mistrust Age Important Event Description Birth - 18 months Feeding Infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents; they also learn to mistrust others. (will the world fulfill their needs?)
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Age Important Event Description 18 months - 3 Years Toilet Training Child's energies are directed toward physical skills: walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt. Big word is “NO”
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Age Important Event Description
Initiative vs. Guilt Age Important Event Description 3 - 6 Years Independence Child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful. Word turns from “NO” to “WHY? Is curiosity encouraged or scolded?
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Industry vs. Inferiority
Age Important Event Description Years School The child must feel competent while risking a sense of inferiority and failure. We are for the first time evaluated by a formal system and our peers. Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments? Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age Important Event Description Adolescence Peers Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion. Can develop negative identity.
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Age Important Event Description
Intimacy vs. Isolation Age Important Event Description Young Adult Relationships The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation. Further career or get married?
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Marriage At least a 5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative interactions is a clear indicator of a healthy relationship.
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
Age Important Event Description Middle Adult Parenting Men want to generate something (join a rock band). They risk stagnation (growing old) (Is everything going as planned? Am I happy with what I created?) !!!Mid –life crisis!!!
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Age Important Event Description
Integrity vs. Despair Age Important Event Description Late Adult Life Reflection Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment. Want control of their lives.
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Social Development Erik Erikson 1963) Name Age Challenge Outcome
Examples Infancy 0-1 Trust vs. Mistrust Basic needs fulfilled = Trust Fed, loved, played with, diaper changed Toddlerhood 1-2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Exercise and do things for themselves or they doubt their abilities Clingy toddler vs. explorative toddler Preschooler 3-5 Initiative vs. Guilt Initiate tasks and do their plans or they feel guilty about independence I want mommy to tie my shoes… Elementary School 3-Puberty Competency vs. Inferiority Please of finishing a task or inferiority that they can’t Hayden, a five year old, decided to throw his controller at his brother when he couldn’t beat him at Mario Kart. Adolescence Teen-20’s Identity vs. Role Confusion Testing roles to find themselves or confusion about who they are Drama or football? Cheerleading or track? What will you study in college? Young Adulthood 20-40 Intimacy vs. Isolation Find love an intimacy or become socially isolated “Spinster” at 25? Yeah right! Middle Adulthood 40-60 Generativity vs. Stagnation Contribution to the world or a lack of purpose Mid-life crisis, anyone? Late Adulthood 60 + Integrity vs. Despair Reflecting on life can lead to satisfaction or sense of failure “Back in the old days, when I was your age…” “I wish I had _____ when I had the chance.”
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Erikson’s Stages Diagram
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