1. Organizing Life’s Diversity
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity

2. Section 1

3. Biologist use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.
Classification is defines as: the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria.
How did Aristotle classify organisms? What made his thought different from Darwin’s Theory of Evolution? Aristotle classified organisms as either animals or plants. Aristotle’s system was based on his view that species are distinct, separate and unchanging. He did not account for evolutionary relationships
Who is Carolus Linnaeus? How were his ideas similar to Aristotle? Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist. He broadened Aristotle’s classification to a formalized scientific system. This was based on observational studies of the morphology and the behavior of organisms.
Taxonomy is defined as: discipline of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships.

4. What was Linnaeus’s method called fro naming organisms
What was Linnaeus’s method called fro naming organisms? What are the two parts of the name?
Linnaues’s method for naming organisms is called binomial nomenclature
The two parts of the name are the Genius species
When writing a scientific name, what are the four rules to follow?
When writing the genius name the 1st letter is capitalized, the species name is lowercase
When printed in a book, magazine, etc. the Genius species name should be italicized
When written by hand bothe parts should be underlined: Genius species
After the completed scientific name has been written once, it can then be abbreviated
Homo sapiens to H. sapiens

5. Taxon is defined as: a named group of organisms (plural taxa)
How are taxa arranged? They are arranged from very broad to very specific
Genius is defined as: group of species closely related tgat share a common ancestor
Family is defined as: next higher taxon – similar related genera
Order is defined as: contains related families
Class is defined as: contains related orders
Phylum/Division is defined as: contains related class; division is used in plants and bacteria, phylum is used for animals, fungi, and Protista
Kingdom is defined as: composed of related phyla or divisions
Domain is defined as: broadest of all taxa and contain one or more kingdoms

6. What are the 7 (8) Taxonomic categories. Which is the Largest
What are the 7 (8) Taxonomic categories? Which is the Largest? (domain), kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species – domain is the largest
What is a dichotomous key? Key based on a series of choices between alternate characteristics.
How do scientist group organisms? Scientist group organisms based on their characteristics
What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics? Taxonomy deals with classifying and naming organisms. Systematics deals with the evolutionary relationships and is concerned about the amount of evolutionary change that may have occurred.

7. Section 2

8. Aristotle and Linnaeus thought of each species as a distinctly different group of organisms based on physical similarities. The definition of species is called the typological species concept
The typological species concept is based on what? Based on the idea that species are unchanging, distinct and natural types. The type of specimen was an individual of the species that best displayed the characteristics of that species.
What is the biological species concept? A group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in a natural setting. Does not account for extinct species or species that reproduce asexually.
What is the phylogenetic species concept? Classification determined by evolutionary history
Phylogeny is defined as: the evolutionary history of a species
Characters are defined as: inherited features that vary among species

9. Species Concept
Description
Limitation
Benefit
Typological
Physical characteristics with a type specimen
Alleles produce a wide variety of features in all species
Provide detailed record of physical characteristic of many organisms
Biological
Similar characteristics and ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Some different species can interbreed. Doesn’t account for extinct species
Working definition applies in most cases, so still used frequently
Phylogenetic
Classification determined by evolutionary history
Evolutionary histories are not know for all species
Accounts for extinct species and considers molecular data

10. What are the two types of characters?
Morphological
Biochemical
What is meant by morphological characters? Size, shape and structure of an organisms. Share morphological characteristics suggest that species are related closely and evolved from a recent common ancestor
What are analogous structures? They have the same function but different underlying construction
What are homologous characters? Might differ in function, but show anatomical similarity
What are some examples of biochemical characters and what are they used for? Amino acids and nucleotides – help determine evolutionary relationships among species; chromosome # and structure – help determine species similarities

11. A molecular clock is defined as: model that is used to compare DNA sequences from 2 different species to estimate how long the species have been evolving since the diverged from a common ancestor
What are molecular clock used for? To compare DNA sequences or amino acid sequences of genes that are shared by different species.
The definition of Cladistics is: method that classifies organisms according to the order that they diverged from a common ancestor.
What are the two types of characters used in cladistics analysis and what is the difference between the two?
Ancestral Character – found within the entire line od descent of a group of organisms
Derived Character – present in members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor

12. A cladogram is: branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group
What is a cladogram similar to and what is another name for a cladogram?
Cladograms are similar to pedigrees
Another name for a cladogram is clades

13. Section 3

14. What is the broadest category in the classification system? Domain
What are the 3 Domians
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
What are the six kingdoms within the 3 domains?
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

15. How are organisms classified into domains
How are organisms classified into domains? They are classified into domains according to cell type and structure
How are organisms classified into kingdoms? They are classified into kingdoms according to cell type. Structure and nutrition
Bacteria are members of which domain and kingdom? Are they prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Bacteria are in Domain Bacteria they are in kingdom Bacteria
Some bacteria can be aerobic (needs O2) or anaerobic (die in presence of O2). Bacteria can also be autotrophic and produce their own food or heterotrophic and get their food from other organisms.
Archaea are classified in the domain Archaea, are more ancient that bacteria and are more closely related to eukaryote ancestors.
What type of environments do archaea live in? Because of this, what are they know as? They live in boiling hot springs, salty lakes, thermal vents and mud of marshes with no O2. They are know as extremophiles

16. Eukaryotic are cells that have membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes are classified in which domain? Domain Eukarya
Which kingdoms are included in Domain Eukarya? Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Protists are defined as: eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial or multicellular.
They are members of Kingdom Protista and Domain Eukarya.
They do not have organs
The three groups are:
Algae – plant like protist – kelp – autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Protozoans – animal like – amoebas - heterotrophic
Fungus like – slime molds and mildews - heterotrophic

17. Fungus
unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that absorb organic material nutrients from their environment – heterotrophic
They belong to kingdom Fungi
Heterotrophic
Lack motility
Cell walls
They obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source and then absorb digested materials directly into the cell

18. Plants – kingdom Plantae
There are 250,000 + species of plants
They are multicellular
Contain chloroplast
Cell wall made of cellulous
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Animals – Kingdom Animalia
1 million + species make up kingdom Animalia
All animals are heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes, most are motile
Animals do not have cell walss
Coral is an example of animal that lacks motility

19. What is a virus made of? They are made of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
They do not possess cells
They are not considered living
They are not placed in the biological classification system because they are non-living
Protist
Fungi
Plant-like, animal like, fungus-like
Unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular, multicellular, colonial
Cell wall contain chitin
No organs
Consist of Hyphae – responsible for growth, feeding and reproduction
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
heterotrophic