1. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

2. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Fact test! Go!
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Task: Once you have written
Your title and date…
Fact test!
Go!

3. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem So what has been asked before?
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
So what has been asked before?
Explain why Jerusalem was lost in 1187
How far were the divisions over the succession to the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1185 responsible for the loss of Jerusalem in 1187?
How important was Guy of Lusignan’s weak leadership in explaining the collapse of the Crusader states in the years 1187 to 1188
How far was the defeat at Hattin in 1187 due to the conflict between Count Raymond of Tripoli and King Guy?
Explain why the death of King Baldwin IV in 1185 divided the leadership of Outremer.
How far was it the long-term weaknesses of Outremer that led to the fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187
How important was Saladin’s leadership to the collapse of the Crusader states in 1187?
Assess the reasons why Saladin was able to
Conquer Jerusalem in 1187?
- How important was the leadership of Saladin to the collapse of the Crusader states in 1187?
Assess the reasons for Saladin’s success
Against the Crusader states in the 1180s
How important was the personal rule of King Baldwin IV in explaining the decline of the Crusader States in the years 1174 to 1187?

4. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Strategy and Leadership of
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Long term versus
Short term?
Strategy and
Leadership of
Saladin
Weakness of
Baldwin IV
Fall of Jerusalem 1187
Poor leadership
Of Guy of
Lusignan
Political divisions
Within the kingdom
Of Jerusalem
Lack of help
From Byzantium
And West.

5. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Weakness of Baldwin IV
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Weakness of Baldwin IV
Factors suggesting the importance of the personal rule of King Baldwin IV in explaining the decline of the Crusader States in the years 1174 to 1187 might include:
• the impact of Baldwin’s illness and the search for an heir
• lack of strong leadership and outside help
• the development of factions within the Frankish nobility
• the rivalry of Guy and Raymond, problems regarding the succession
• the rise of Saladin after 1174
• the decline of Byzantium, the battle of Myriocephalum, death of Manuel.
Factors suggesting other reasons might include:
• the courage and ability of the young king, Baldwin’s victories at Mont Gisard and Marj Ayyun
• Saladin’s difficulties in achieving leadership and Muslim unity
• the events of 1185–1187 after Baldwin’s death.
Good answers are likely to/may show an awareness that the key factors in the defeat of 1187 may be seen as short-term, after the death of King Baldwin IV in May 1185; the removal of Raymond as regent and his open conflict with Guy, the actions of Reynald and Gerard, Saladin’s victory in Mosul in December 1185.

6. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Strategy and Leadership of Saladin
His use of Jihad in uniting the Muslim world ƒ the campaign of 1187 ƒ the battle of Hattin.
ƒ Saladin was fortunate that he could consolidate his power after 1174 without a serious threat from the Crusader states; King Amalric had also died in 1174 and he too was succeeded by a minor. Moreover, young King Baldwin IV was a leper and the Crusader states were riven by internal disputes over the succession.
Although Saladin was defeated twice, at Montgisard in 1177 and La Forbelet in 1182 the Franks under the Leper King were too weak and divided to sustain a threat to his expansion ƒ in 1186 an attack on a Muslim caravan travelling from Cairo to Damascus was attacked by Prince Reynald of Chatillon. This gave Saladin a causus belli (cause for war) against the Franks. Indeed, Raymond was already notorious and a useful focus for Jihad after his Red sea raid on pilgrims going to Medina in 1183.
The appeal to Jihad was necessary for Saladin to amass an army of sufficient scale to conquer Jerusalem. ƒ after victory at Cresson in May, 1187 Saladin’s final piece of good fortune came in July with the decision of King Guy to seek battle and march the Latin field army from Sephoria to Tiberius. Saladin needed a battle not another inconclusive campaign. His credibility was at stake.
Although his army outnumbered the Franks by three to two, it was a loose coalition of emirs from across Syria and Mesopotamia, united only by the lure of booty and his promise to recover Jerusalem for Islam. In the aftermath of Hattin, Saladin captured Jerusalem in October 1187.

7. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Political divisions Within the kingdom Of Jerusalem
The death of King Baldwin IV ‘the leper king’ in May 1185 brought to a head the succession crisis which had been developing over the past few years as the young king’s health deteriorated. His death saw the crown pass to a minor, his 9 year old nephew Baldwin V, necessitating a regency government.
• Crusader society divided over the succession, over the claims of Guy of Lusignan and Raymond of Tripoli to the regency. Political differences were widened by concerns over Raymond’s ambition and Guy’s military competence.
• The ruling elite divided into key camps; with Raymond and his supporters the Ibelins opposing Guy and his wife Sibylla, sister of Baldwin IV and mother of Baldwin V.
• Responses may develop upon the debate over the nature of the division in crusader society, between ‘hawks’ versus ‘doves’, peace versus aggression, the native elite and incomers, or the supporters of the Leper King’s mother, Agnes de Courtenay and his paternal line, his cousins Raymond and Bohemond. Lack of strong kingship also allowed key groups such as the military orders and Prince Reynald to pursue independent policies, with Gerard de Ridefort, Master of the Templars, playing a key role as antagonist in the other major division over policy towards the rising power of Saladin.

8. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Lack of help From Byzantium And West.
Candidates might include some of the following factors:
• Angevin/Capetian rivalry, the youth of the new French King, Philip II
• King Henry’s age and the lack of a strong King in Jerusalem
• the failure of Pope Alexander’s bull in 1181 and Patriarch Heraclius’s mission in 1184.
Candidates may refer to some of the following long-term factors:
• the long-term impact of the failure of the Second Crusade
• the impact of King Baldwin IV’s victory at Montgisard in 1177.
and some of the following short-term/immediate factors:
• relations between the Papacy and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
• tensions between King Henry and his sons.
To reach higher levels, candidates will need to show the inter-relationship of the reasons given, for example they might stress the weakness of crusades which were by their very nature temporary and this did not resolve the predicament of the Crusader states-they needed Latin settlers and an increase in the forces permanently garrisoned in Outremer.
Henry II - In dispute with Thomas Becket (AoC). Peace made in 1170 but in December, Becket was killed by Henry's knights. Henry condemned and made to give 200 knights a year to the Templars, 2000 marks and to swear to take the cross by 1173 as penance. However, his aid and crusade was postponed by Henry the Younger's rebellion (supported by wife Eleanor, Louis VII and Henry's sons).
Henry and Louis - Distrust - Henry married Louis' first wife Eleanor and gained Aquitaine. Louis was haunted by failure of 2nd crusade and felt threatened by Henry. AB Frederick of Tyre offered Louis keys to Jerusalem in 1169 but wouldn't leave kingdom when rivalry was so great. Louis did want to be the greatest leader in Europe though.
Outremer Monarchy - Baldwin's illness seen as punishment from God because of the settler's sins committed in the first 2 crusades. The 1181 crusade appeal of Alexander III highlighted this. Also, Outremer had very little territory, growing Muslim forces and no Byzantine support

9. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Poor leadership Of Guy of Lusignan
Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*
Poor leadership Of Guy of Lusignan
King Guy’s decision to march his army from Saffuriyah and challenge Saladin at Tiberius, 26km away, was a key reason for Saladin’s victory. Previously, Guy had used Febian tactics and avoided battle.
King Guy’s claim to the throne was tenuous. He was only king consort, though his wife, Sibylla, eldest daughter of Amalric. Guy feared for his power and these fears were finally realised when Saladin besieged Tiberius.
He was persuaded, late at night on the eve of departure to Tiberius, to march to its aid, and seek battle in the field.
Guy’s weak kingship and the wider divisions and factions in the Crusader states may be seen as another reason for Saladin’s success.
Guy faced conflicting advice and pressures from characters such as Raymond of Tripoli (ironically the position of Raymond’s wife Eschiva, under siege at Tiberius, was a ‘chivalrous’ reason for the march to defeat at Hattin).
Guy was only persuaded to leave his safe base and march late on the night of 2 July. This must have constituted much confusion and hasty preparations, one of which was to take no water. It seems the precipitating factor in their defeat. They found themselves outside the safety of a stronghold, facing a 26km march in hot barren desert, with the hounding force of Saladin attacking them all the way.

10. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

11. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

12. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

13. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*

14. LO: To revise the fall of Jerusalem Describe the fall of Jerusalem E-D
Compare and contrast key factors C-B
Analyse the key judgements made A-A*