1. OBJECTIVE: Review study guide.
INTRO & OUTRO: None
DO NOW:
Take out Study Guide (finish quickly if need be)
AGENDA: What you will need on EXAM Day
Pencil
Science Notebook
Note card
Anything to keep yourself quiet after the Exam

2. 1. What is a mineral? Minerals are in rocks Rocks are NOT in minerals
Solid
Crystalline structure
Naturally made
Inorganic

3. 2. What is the difference between silicates and nonsilicates?
Silicates – minerals contain Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)
Nonsilicates – minerals that do not contain Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

4. 3. What are the seven ways to identify minerals? Describe each.
Hardness
how tough a mineral is
Moh’s Hardness Scale 1(weak) – 10(strong)
Color – what the visible light looks like
Fracture – along which planes a mineral breaks
Density – how much material the mineral contains (Mass ÷ Volume = Density)
Luster – how shiny the mineral is
Streak – the powder of the mineral when scratched across a porcelain plate
Texture – how rough or smooth the mineral feels
Crystalline Structure – the geometric shape of the mineral

5. 4. Of the eight ways to identify minerals, which is the least helpful
4. Of the eight ways to identify minerals, which is the least helpful? Explain.
Color
The same mineral can have many colors
Many minerals can have the same color

6. 5. What is the difference between an element and a compound?
Element – made of one particular atom
Compound – made of many different atoms bonded together

7. 6. What are the three types of rocks? Explain how each is made.
Igneous – cooled magma
Sedimentary – rocks are weathered and eroded and then compacted and cemented together
Metamorphic – heat & pressure

8. 7. What are the two types of igneous rocks? Explain the differences.
Intrusive – cools inside, course-grained (large crystals) because magma cools slowly
Extrusive – cools outside, fine-grained (small crystals) because magma cools quickly

9. 8. What are strata (stratification) of a sedimentary rock?
Strata – layering

10. 9. What are the three types of sedimentary rock
9. What are the three types of sedimentary rock? Explain the differences.
Clastic – made up of rock, mineral and organic fragments
Chemical – made from minerals crystallizing in a water solution
Organic – made of fossils and other once living material

11. 10. What does the word metamorphic mean?
Change shape

12. 11. Which is the only type of rock than can have fossils in it
11. Which is the only type of rock than can have fossils in it? Why not the others?
Sedimentary
The heat and pressure will destroy fossils

13. 12. What are the two types of metamorphism? Explain the differences.
Contact metamorphism – rock changes when it’s near magma
Regional metamorphism – large area of rocks that change due the pressure of depth

14. 13. What are the two types of metamorphic rock? Explain the differences.
Foliated – have bands due to intense pressure
Nonfoliated – do not have bands, mostly due to heat

15. 14. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources?
Renewable resource – resources are replenished as quickly as they are taken
Nonrenewable resource – resources that are limited and do not replenish as quickly

16. 15. Give four examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources.
Wind
Water
Solar
Geothermal
Nonrenewable resources
Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)
Animals
Plants
Minerals

17. How can we help conserve our nonrenewable resources?
Reduce, reuse, recycle

18. What type of renewable resource would be the most abundant in the desert?
Solar energy

19. 18. What are the three compositional layers of the Earth? Describe each.
Crust – solid, thinnest layer, made of rocks
Mantle – liquidy-solid, thickest layer / convection currents occur here / made of magma
Core – solid and liquid / made of iron

20. 19. What are the five compositional layers of the Earth
19. What are the five compositional layers of the Earth? Put them in order outer to inner and describe each.
Lithosphere – solid rock layer / broken into tectonic plates / part of the crust
Asthenosphere – liquidy-solid magma
Mesosphere – middle layer / magma is more solid but still flows
Outer core – liquid iron
Inner core – solid iron

21. 20. What happens to temperature and pressure as you travel to the center of the Earth?
Both increase

22. 21. What are the two types of crust? Explain differences.
Oceanic – thin but dense
Continental – thick but less dense

23. 22. What are tectonic plates?
Broken pieces of the lithosphere that move on top of the asthenosphere

24. 23. What are the nine major tectonic plates?
North American
South American
African
Eurasian
Indian-Australian
Philippians
Pacific
Nazca
Antarctica

25. What are the three types of boundaries
What are the three types of boundaries? Describe and give a location of each. Also, what landforms do each create?
Divergent – plates separate, Mid-Atlantic Ridge; mid-ocean ridge
Convergent – plates collide, Mt. Everest; mountains and volcanoes
Transform – plates slide past one another, San Andreas Fault; earthquakes

26. 25. What is a subduction zone? Where does it occur?
Convergent boundary
The denser plate sinks down into the mantle

27. 26. What is sea-floor spreading?
When magma reaches the surface and pushes to plates apart
Divergent boundary

28. 27. What are the three types of folds
27. What are the three types of folds? Describe or draw a picture of each.
Anticline – downward arch
Syncline – upward arch
Monocline – ends are parallel with a bend in the middle

29. 28. What are the three types of faults
28. What are the three types of faults? Describe or draw a picture of each.
Normal – hanging wall slides DOWN when pulled apart
Reverse – hanging wall pushed UP when pushed together
Strike-slip – slide past, like a transform boundary

30. 29. What are the three types of mountains? Explain differences.
Folded mountain – section of Earth pushed together creating rolling hills
Fault-block mountain – section of Earth pulled apart creating fault blocks and creating sharp, jagged peaks
Volcanic mountain – created by magma rising to the surface

31. 30. What is the different between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory?
Continental drift theory – continents were being pushed across the ocean crust by sea-floor spreading
Plate tectonics theory – lithosphere is broken into plates and those plates move by convection currents in the mantle

32. 31. List three pieces of evidences that proved continental drift theory.
Similar fossils on different continents
Continents fit like puzzle pieces
Mountain ranges match on different continents

33. 32. What is Pangaea?
A single giant landmass that broke apart about 250MYA.

34. 33. What are the three types of plate movement? Describe each.
Slab pull – oceanic plate sinks and pulls the rest of the tectonic plate with it.
Ridge push – plates push each other
Convection current - Cool magma sinks, warm magma rises, circulating and moving the plates / occur in the mantle

35. 34. Where do earthquakes occur?
Plate boundaries

36. 35. What are the three types of seismic waves
35. What are the three types of seismic waves? List the waves, their name, what type of materials they can travel through, general speed and what kind of seismic wave (body or surface).
P wave – Primary, travel through solids and liquids, fastest, body wave
S wave – Secondary, travel only through solids, slower, body wave
L wave – Last, slowest, travel only on surface, most destructive

37. 36. What can seismic waves tell us about earthquakes and the Earth?
Start time of an earthquake
Location of an earthquake
Layers of the Earth

38. 37. What is the safest thing you should do in an earthquake?
Hide underneath a table or piece of strong furniture

39. 38. What is the S-P Time Method used for? Explain.
Determines the location of an earthquake.
Uses at LEAST three seismograph stations

40. 39. Where do volcanoes form?
Plate boundaries

41. 40. Explain how violent and quiet eruptions occur in terms of gasses trapped, silica, viscosity and the type of magma/lava produced.
Violent eruptions – high silica makes the magma/lava very viscous and thick trapping the gasses
Quiet eruptions – low silica makes the magma/lava less viscous and runny which doesn’t trap the gasses

42. 41. Describe the three types of volcanoes in terms of shape, how it formed, type of eruption and lava.
Shield volcano – large, wide flat / built layers of lava / quiet eruption / runny lava
Composite volcano – broad base, steep slow / alternating layers of lava and ash / alternating quiet and explosive eruptions / thick and runny lava
Cinder cone volcano – small / built from layers of ash / explosive eruptions / thick lava

43. 42. Describe the crater, vent, and magma chamber of a volcano.
Crater – funnel-shaped pit at the top of a volcano
Vent – a tunnel that carries magma to the surface
Magma chamber – cavern that fills with magma beneath a volcano

44. 43. What is abrasion? What causes it?
Abrasion is the chipping and breaking down of rock by water, wind, and gravity

45. 44. What is mechanical weathering? Give six ways this occurs.
Mechanical weathering – breaking down rocks by physical means
Wind
Water
Gravity
Ice - water expands when it freezes
Plants – roots break through rocks
Animals

46. 45. What is chemical weathering? Give four ways this occurs.
Chemical weathering – breaking down rocks by chemical reaction
Acids in water – dissolves rock underground to create caves
Acids in living things
Acid precipitation
Rusting

47. 46. What is soil?
A mixture of rock fragments, organic material, water, and air that allows vegetation to grow

48. 47. What are the four soil horizons? Describe each.
Horizon O – organic matter
Horizon A – plants and animals live here
Horizon B – made of sediment
Horizon C – made of partially weathered rock

49. 48. What is bedrock?
Layer of rock beneath soil