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Nervous Systems Brain Development 2007-2008.

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Presentation on theme: "Nervous Systems Brain Development 2007-2008."— Presentation transcript:

1 Nervous Systems Brain Development

2 Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Spinal cord Sensory pathways Motor pathways Brain Sympathetic arousal & energy production “fight or flight” Parasympathetic calming & back to maintenance “rest & digest” Somatic (voluntary) nervous system Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division

3 Types of neurons sensory neuron interneuron “associative” motor neuron
cell body sensory neuron cell body axon interneuron “associative” dendrites dendrites cell body motor neuron

4 Cephalization = Brain evolution
Cephalization = clustering of neurons in “brain” at front (anterior) end of bilaterally symmetrical animals  where sense organs are Cnidarian nerve net Flatworm Platyhelminthes nerve cords associative neurons Echinoderm radial nerve nerve ribs Simplest nervous system no control of complex actions More organization but still based on nerve nets; supports more complex movement Simplest, defined central nervous system more complex muscle control

5 Cephalization = Brain evolution
increase in interneurons in brain region brain ventral nerve cords Arthropod Earthworm central nervous system peripheral nerves Mollusk brain giant axon More complex brains connected to all other parts of body by peripheral nerves More complex brains in predators most sophisticated invertebrate nervous system Further brain development ganglia = neuron clusters along CNS

6 Evolution of vertebrate brain
Shark Frog Cat Bird Human Spinal cord Hind: Medulla oblongata Optic tectum Hind: Cerebellum Midbrain Fore: Cerebrum Olfactory tract Crocodile forebrain forebrain dominant cerebrum hindbrain forebrain

7 Human brain

8 Functional divisions of brain
Hindbrain evolutionary older structures of the brain regulate essential autonomic & integrative functions brainstem pons medulla oblongata midbrain cerebellum thalamus, hypothalamus

9 Brainstem The “lower brain” Functions medulla oblongata pons midbrain
homeostasis coordination of movement conduction of impulses to higher brain centers

10 Medulla oblongata & Pons
Controls autonomic homeostatic functions heart & blood vessel activity breathing swallowing vomiting digestion Relays information to & from higher brain centers

11 Midbrain Involved in the integration of sensory information
regulation of visual reflexes regulation of auditory reflexes

12 Reticular Formation Sleep & wakefulness produces patterns of electrical activity in the brain recorded as an ElectroEncephaloGram (EEG) most dreaming during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

13 Cerebrum Most highly evolved structure of mammalian brain
Cerebrum divided hemispheres left = right side of body right = left side of body Corpus callosum major connection between 2 hemispheres

14 Lateralization of Brain Function
Left hemisphere language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details detailed activities required for motor control Right hemisphere pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

15 Cerebrum specialization
Regions of the cerebrum are specialized for different functions Lobes frontal temporal occipital parietal

16

17 Limbic system Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory Amygdala involved in recognizing emotional content of facial expression

18 Simplest Nerve Circuit
Reflex, or automatic response rapid response automated signal only goes to spinal cord no higher level processing adaptive value essential actions don’t need to think or make decisions about blinking balance pupil dilation startle

19 Eye Blink or Pain Withdrawal Reflex
Gray matter Interneuron Stimulus White matter Receptor in skin Sensory neuron Motor neuron Spinal cord Effector (muscle)

20 Review of nervous system With Mr.A
cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord cervical nerves thoracic lumbar femoral nerve sciatic tibial Review of nervous system With Mr.A

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