1. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country
- Article 21, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2. Topic 3 GESI and IG Inclusive Governance Introduction to BAT-IG
6. Mainstreaming
GESI
5. Integrity
4. Responsiveness
3. Accountability
2. Fundamentals
of IG
Introduction
to BAT-IG
Inclusive
Governance
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3. Learning Objectives
By the end of the topic participants will be able to:
Explain the concepts of gender and sex, gender needs/interests, social exclusions and inclusion (empowerment, equity, equality etc.)
Analyze the features of exclusion and the groups who are typically excluded in Nepal,
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4. Learning objectives (2)
Apply the concepts of Practical and Strategic Gender Needs/Interests,
Describe the importance of inclusion for improving public services in Nepal,
Apply IG after their placements.
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5. Topic overview Sub topics 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gender and socialization
3.3 Gender Needs/Interests
3.4 GESI definitions  
3.5 Social inclusion and empowerment  
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6. Why Inclusion
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7. We are all influenced by our history and culture context, which in turn shape our view of the world and the meaning of Truth (Mills, Bonner & Francis 2006)
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8. Socialization
Result of traditions, societal values and beliefs, rules, practices, division of labor, social expectations, vulnerability and mobility conditions differ for women, men, different caste, ethnic groups.

9. Socialization
How to be boy and how to be girl are communicated through social institutions
Socialization operate through social institutions such as families (parents), school (teachers), work, the media, and generally through social interaction. Others: Peers

10. Some questions Women and men are different but equal
Women are the weaker and need to be protected, is it true?
Reduce the power of male and give the power of female, is it gender equality?
If male works in kitchen, does it create equality?
If male doesn’t encourage female, will they be empowered themselves?
What do you think ? Mother herself prefers son.
Should women be provided with opportunities or should their capacities be developed?
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11. To secure a fair selection you all get the same exercise: You must climb the tree.
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12. Contd..
What do you think ?
Women are the primary users of public services
Female professionals at the front line reduce access barriers to service delivery
Women are more trustworthy and less corrupt than men
Women also may be making or accepting bribes but using their male relatives as the mediators.
Women leadership style is more democratic than men
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13. Group Activity
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14. When I was born, A women was there to hold me……My Mother.
As I grew up as a child, A women was there to care and play with me…..My Sister.
I went to school, A women was there to help me learn…..My Teacher.
I became depressed when I lost, A women was there to offer a shoulder…My Girlfriend.
I needed compatibility, company and love, A women was there for me….My Wife.
I became tough, A women was there to melt me……My Daughter.
When I will die, A women will be there to absorb me…..Motherland.
 If you are a man, value every woman and if you are a women feel proud to be one.
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15. Key Learning Points
Perceptions differ – reflection necessary by all about inequality
Differences have come from tradition and are a result of socialization
What we see most often becomes “natural”
Prescribed roles do not provide opportunity to learn new skills
Our mental conditioning is a result of socialization; through it we learn how as individuals, family, community, service providers, to include or exclude.
These values, attitudes form an unconscious part of our perceptions, which in turn influence our behavior.
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16. Key learning points
It is important to reflect and understand the impact of socialization - who has received what opportunities, which group is lagging far behind, the constraints of these groups and the results.
Gender, caste, ethnicity, location, other factors of exclusion are interlinked. They cannot be treated in isolation.
All forms of exclusion are an expression of power relations.
If governance is to be more inclusive, concerted efforts are needed to include those who are socially excluded. This means challenging the underlying perceptions, beliefs, practices, values and power relations.
Civil servants have a key role to play in challenging these factors in the way public services are designed and delivered.
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17. Global Gender Gap 2015 0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality
Gender Gap Index 2015
Nepal: Rank Score (110 out of 145 countries)
Iceland : 1st rank, 0.881score
Norway: 2nd rank, score
Finland: 3rd rank, score
Description (Nepal)
Rank
Score
ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY
121
0.575
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
122
0.917
HEALTH AND SURVIVAL 94
0.972
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT 70
0.169

18. GESI
GESI is an approach that brings women and men from all social groups (ethnicity, caste, economy, age, disability, geographic locations) in all political, economic and social spheres
It aims to promote gender equality and social inclusion by addressing existing disparities and gaps in access and control over resources, services, information and opportunities and the distribution of power and decision making
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19. Why GESI
An overwhelming number of citizens are systematically deprived of their fundamental human rights and their rights to development
Undertaken as new development intervention to overcome the obstacles of gender inequality and social exclusion
Focused on key issues that hinder women, poor and socially excluded group in the participation and benefit sharing
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20. GESI Engaging citizen Efficient public service delivery
Good governance
Engaging citizen
Efficient public service delivery
GESI
Empowering
Ensuring the right
Redistribution
Justice
Recognition, representation and meaningful participation
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21. Dimension of Inclusion/Exclusion
Gender
Caste/Ethnicity
Economically
Disability
Geographically and so on
Geographically
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22. GESI within Institutions
Nepalese public organization are being increasingly diverse
Equal access to opportunities
Demonstrating fair and participative decision making
Respectful, open and honest communication between all staff at all levels
Demonstrated, more democratic leadership
Equal access for learning and development
GESI friendly work environment

23. GESI within Institutions
GESI responsive policy, strategy, programme, rule, regulation and budget
GESI disaggregated (quantitative and
qualitative) database system
GESI sensitive organization culture (code of conduct)
Institutions
GESI responsive HR policy
Affirmative action on recognition and subsidy
for the targeted population
Knowledge and skill of duty bearers to
deliver GESI responsive services
effectively
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24. Behavior of Service Provider
Key Actor of Government: Service Provider
Provide services to all citizens
Corruption free, accountable, transparent, effective and responsible service delivery
Service providers have GESI sensitive attitude and behavior: what we as civil servants do, how we act, how we interact with others
Improve two different parts of the service delivery viz. efficient delivery of public services and empower marginalized group to know and demand services
WPEs friendly attitude and behaviours of service providers
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25. Contd..

26. Defining gender needs Practical gender needs Strategic gender needs
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27. Practical Gender Needs
Related to survival: provision of food, shelter, clothing or health care.
Improve a women situation by widening her access to resources.
E.g. Women situation will be made easier, if she doesn’t have to walk long distance to bring water or take her children to health center.
Short term, related to day to day life, needs are easily identifiable.
Targeted women in their domestic role.
Women are viewed as passive.
Gender role and relation remain constant
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28. Strategic Gender Interests
Challenge and change in the present state of gender relations
Strategic Gender Interests arise: recognition of women’s subordinate position in relation to men in their society
Eradicating obstacles to women’s advancement in public sphere’s
Strongly focused on legislative change.
Long term strategy, needs are less immediately identifiable, focused on empower process, women's are active participants, and improve balance of power relation.
Out comes: re-division of labour, end of discriminatory practices and so on.
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29. Exclusion Livelihood Empowerment: INSTITUTIONS Elites Middle
POOR & SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED
Livelihood Empowerment:
“Enhancement of the assets & capabilities of poor men & women to function ……..
ASSETS
&
CAPABILITES
Increased flow of assets & capabilities
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30. Inclusion INSTITUTIONS Mobilization Empowerment: Increased influence
ASSETS
&
CAPABILITES
INSTITUTIONS
Elites
Middle
POOR & SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED
Livelihood Empowerment
Mobilization
Empowerment:
“… and to engage, influence & hold accountable the institutions that affect them.”
Increased influence
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31. Questions for Discussion
——Do we identify our services as GESI friendly?
Do we have a GESI service delivery plan?
—— If yes….How is the plan delivered ?
—— ——Do our service delivery need based, equitable and fair?
—— Do decision makers allocating resources and service delivery give priority to address GESI?
Do your institution has GESI friendly/responsive environment?
——Are we regularly seeking feedback to identify barriers for learning and improve service delivery?

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33. Gender Needs Analysis Division of labour, conditions, needs;
Identifies the differences between women and men regarding their:
Division of labour, conditions, needs;
Access to and control over resources;
Access to development benefits and decision-making;
Social practices which cause discrimination and violence
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34. Why the Focus on Women?
Men’s roles, responsibilities, and contributions are recognized
Women remain systematically excluded.
For women’s empowerment
For inclusion
Policies, institutions and societal structures are supportive
Existing power relations caused by gender need to be transformed
Existing multiple exclusions need to be identified and addressed
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35. Equality
The process of achieving gender, caste and ethnic equality - while respecting their differences -- refers to changing norms, values, attitudes and perceptions in order to attain equal status between men and women, between advantaged and excluded caste and ethnic groups.
To strive for gender equality does not mean to neutralize the biological differences between the two sexes, nor to neutralize the differences between being male and being female.
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36. Equity
Gender, caste and ethnic equity refers to fairness in women's and men's, advantaged and disadvantaged caste and ethnic groups', access to socio-economic resources.
Discrimination results from inequitable access to socio-economic resources on the basis of being a man or being a woman, of being an advantaged caste or Dalit or of ethnic minority. The achievement of gender, caste and ethnic equality and equity is thus essential for the reduction of gender and caste/ethnicity based discrimination
Gender equity refers to fairness in women's and men's access to socio-economic resources.
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37. Social inclusion and empowerment
Empowerment is the enhancement of assets and capabilities of diverse individuals and groups to function and to engage, influence and hold accountable the institutions that affect them.
World Bank Definition
There are two dimensions of empowerment
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38. Livelihoods Empowerment (Access to assets and services)
Increase in access of women, the poor and excluded to assets and services to sustain at least a minimum base of livelihood security
Creation of the foundation for upward mobility of the of women, the poor and excluded
Assets could be natural, physical, financial, social and human. Livelihoods empowerment can be initiated by outsiders (government, donors, NGOs)
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39. Mobilization Empowerment (Voice, Influence and Agency)
Enhancement in the:
ability of women, the poor and excluded to engage, influence and hold accountable the institution that affects them.
understanding of the systemic causes of poverty and exclusion by women, the poor and excluded.
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40. What is Social Exclusion?
When:
Formal laws & government polices, and/or
Informal social practice, values and beliefs….
Economic assets and opportunities
Public goods, services and rights
Political voice and influence
Prevent members of certain social groups from getting equal access to:
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41. Social Inclusion (Rules of the game)
Removal of institutional barriers to increase the access of women and the poor and excluded to development opportunities.
Changes in informal practice and behavior as well as in formal law and policy in favor of women and the poor and excluded .
Changes in the opportunity structure within which women and the poor and excluded seek to exercise their agency.
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42. Access to Quality Health Care
Poor “high caste” Boy
Well-off “high caste” Man
No money for fees, medicine or travel
No problem!
Poor Madhesi Woman
Laaj , Female seclusion,
Access to Quality Health Care
Language
Caste discrimination
Poor Janajati
Poverty, gender & caste
Poor Dalit
Cumulative barriers!
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Poor Dalit Woman

43. Domains of Change that We Can Support
Improving access to assets and services for women, the poor and excluded.
Increasing their voice and influence.
Supporting changes in the “rules of the game” that have always favored the men/advantaged.
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44. Social Change: The Complementary Roles of Empowerment & Social Inclusion
Social Inclusion: changes – at the system level – in the external institutional environment or the rules that determine distribution of assets, capabilities and voice necessary for WPE to exercise agency.
Empowerment: changes – at community level – in the internal self-perception and sense of agency of citizens’ including WPE and their access to assets, capabilities and voice.
Negotiation for more inclusive & equitable citizens’ rights
Gender and socially inclusive citizens’ rights
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45. Conclusion
Empowerment of women and the excluded and changing formal and informal policies and mindsets is the means to change power relations effectively.
Empowerment has two aspects.“Livelihoods Empowerment” -- basically increasing the flow of assets and capabilities to the poor and excluded. And “Mobilization empowerment” where the excluded are helped to understand their own position and to organize for collective action to increase their influence.
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46. Conclusion But empowerment alone is not enough.
There must also be social inclusion which brings changes at the system level. Usually this happens from within the power structure – by a small group of “champions” who form part of the coalition for change between different strata of society that finally forces change.
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47. Mainstreaming GESI

48. Why GESI Analysis Framework?
Policies, institutions and interventions must be analyzed in order to understand:
how social inequities based on gender, caste, ethnicity, religion, location are created as a relationship of inequality
how can existing structures transform and reinvent inequitable values, processes and mechanisms
who is benefiting
who is losing
which men, which women
what should be the future action
The analytical framework discusses how to do policy analysis, institution analysis, interventions analysis and of M&E systems/ processes
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49. Steps for Mainstreaming GESI
1. Identify
Barriers of the excluded:
who are excluded, causes of their exclusion
their existing situation, barriers in accessing services and opportunities offered by the policy/project/ program being designed
4. Supervision and Monitoring
5. Adjust Implementation
2. Design &
3. Implement
Interventions to address the barriers
Based on review/assessment of GESI responsiveness
Policy mandates
Institutional arrangements & accountabilities
Program interventions, budget allocations
Selection criteria, control of decisions & funds
Monitoring, Reporting
Inputs: Have planned resources and benefits reached women, the poor and excluded?
Results: Disaggregated
Outcomes:3 domains of change
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50. Policy Analysis Why Policy Analysis? a statement of intent
assess GESI sensitivity of objectives/goal
are they women, poor and excluded friendly?
identify strengths, areas of improvement for revision
assisting decisions regarding reprioritization or redefining of policies.
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51. Types of Policy (GESI perspective)
Neutral
Rethinking Assumptions
To establish a basic understanding of the theoretical basis of categorizations of interventions, a brief explanation is provided about gender (and equity) blind, sensitive, specific and redistributive policies and interventions:.
a. Gender (equity) blind policies and interventions are those which are often implicitly male-and (upper caste) biased as they are based on inequitable assumptions and practices and are designed with male actors as the key persons. Gender equity sensitive interventions, developed after rethinking assumptions and practices, include:
b. Gender (equity) neutral: interventions intended to leave distribution of resources and responsibilities intact
c. Gender (equity) specific: interventions intended to meet targeted need of one or other gender within existing distribution of resources and responsibilities
d. Gender (equity) redistributive: interventions intended to transform existing distributions in a more egalitarian direction; source: adapted from Social Relations Analysis Framework of Naila Kabeer: Reversed Realities, Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought, 1994
Session: Social Relations Framework
Transformative
Specific
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52. Example – GESI Neutral Policy
Objective:
to meet people's basic needs for fuel wood, timber, fodder, and other forest products on a sustainable basis and to contribute to food production through effective interaction between forestry and farming practices
to contribute to the growth of local and national economies by managing forest resources, forest-based industries, and by creating opportunities for income generation and employment
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53. Examples of GESI Specific Policy
Toilets for Dalit communities
One female teacher in each school
Funds established for women, Dalits, Janajatis
Physical infrastructure just for the target group
Budget specified for income generating activities (IGA) of poor
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54. Examples of GESI Transformative Policy
Property rights for women
Land allocation to poor identified according to well-being ranking
Paternity leave and child care facilities to fathers
Additional components to support specific policies e.g. sustained advocacy with men for empowerment of women along-with enhancing women’s skills
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55. Why Institutional Analysis?
Institutions are a framework of rules for achieving certain goals.
Institutional Arrangements (policies, structure, systems/mechanisms, norms…) can create and maintain inclusion/exclusion
Working culture/environment creates a conducive environment
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56. Institutional Analysis-How?
Policies, HR policies
Disaggregated staff profile
who has access to what opportunities and types of resources and levels of decision making power
Job Description/Terms of References for GESI inclusion
in objectives, tasks/responsibilities, key skills/competencies
Management systems:
decision making, budgeting, monitoring, performance evaluation.
Reviewing, Analyzing
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57. Institutional Analysis-HOW
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58. PROGRAM AND FINANCIAL ALLOCATION ANALYSIS
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59. Why Programme, Budget Analysis?
Assess the strengths and identify areas of improvement for addressing needs and interests of the excluded
Who does what
Who gets what?
Who gains? Who loses?
Which women? Which men?
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60. Gender responsive Budgeting of MoF
Ministry of Finance has issued Gender Responsive Budgeting Guidelines with indicators and scoring which all Ministries have to follow. This practice has established the need for GRB.
The government in its annual budget speech states the percentage of budget for direct support to women and indirect support to women.
Budget details are also provided for pro-poor and inclusive/targeted program but these do not have well defined indicators.
While the GRB practice is good, it is limited to the Ministry level and has not yet been able to provide a useful tool that could be used by individual divisions/departments, organizations/agencies
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61. Programme, Budget Analysis
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62. Progrm and Financial Allocation Analysis Analysis - HOW
Assess whether interventions and budget are
Specific
Supportive
Neutral
Identify percentages of budget for specific, supportive and neutral
To what extent are GESI issues addressed? If situation continues in the same way, what will be the result?
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63. Basic premise of financial allocation and expenditure analysis
Activities with specific mention of women or gender and equity or with elements that can address the needs and interests of WPE are gender and inclusion sensitive
General interventions do not benefit the excluded who lose out because of the structural power realities.
The overall support for WPE activities thus can be broadly understood to include the specific and supportive budgets.
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64. Programme, Budget Analysis-How
Project activities
Budget
Areas of Improvement
Recommendations Rs
% of total budget
Specific: 1. 2.
Total
Supportive:
Neutral:
Grand Total:
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65. M&E AND REPORTING ANALYSIS
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66. M&E, Reporting Analysis-Why?
GESI issues are being monitored
Disaggregation is maintained in data/information collection and analysis
Reports capture change on GESI issues in the three domains of
livelihood mobilisation (Assets/Services), social mobilisation (Voice) and Policy change (Social Inclusion – rules of the game)
Assess whether
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67. M&E Analysis-How? Formats, processes, mechanisms in practice Review
GESI related issues are being monitored, reported with sex/caste/ethnicity/location disaggregation
Reporting is on outcomes according to three domains
Assess, if
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68. Steps for Mainstreaming GESI
1. Identify
Barriers of the excluded:
who are excluded, causes of their exclusion
their existing situation, barriers in accessing services and opportunities offered by the policy/project/ program being designed
4. Supervision and Monitoring
5. Adjust Implementation
2. Design &
3. Implement
Interventions to address the barriers
Based on review/assessment of GESI responsiveness of
Policy mandates
Institutional arrangements & accountabilities
Program interventions, budget allocations
Selection criteria, control of decisions & funds
Monitoring, Reporting
Inputs: Have planned resources and benefits reached women, the poor and excluded?
Results: Disaggregated
Outcomes:3 domains of change
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69. Policy Analysis-How?
Review policy statements/logframe and assess whether it is neutral, specific, or transformative
Sector
Provisions
Policy
Areas of Improvement
Reco.
Neutral
Specific
(Human condition)
Transformative
(Social Position)
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70. Action Plan Matrix Recommendations Activities Resources
Responsibilities
Timeframe
M&E
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71. Key Learning Points 1
As statement of intent, policies need to give direction to stakeholders to work on GESI issues
Unless policies are GESI sensitive, the mandate for all relevant actors to address the issues of women, poor and excluded will not be present
GESI mainstreaming is to address unequal power relations between women & men, and between different social groups.
It focuses on action to ensure equal rights, opportunities, respect for all individuals regardless of their social identity.
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72. Key Learning Points 2
Different elements act together to create and maintain institutional structures,
The rules and resources structure practice – who does what and how; who gets what and who benefits,
These practices are a product of years of traditional practice but they are dynamic,
They were created by women and men at one time in history and are now being changed or should be changed by others.
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73. Key Learning Points 3
Financial commitment to gender and inclusion related activities are an essential element of mainstreaming social inclusion
Without activities and budget and without disaggregated monitoring and reporting, GESI cannot be well addressed or effectively mainstreamed.
M&E and reporting with disaggregation and GESI analysis enables tracking of how well the programme/project are benefiting women, poor and the excluded.
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74. Key Learning Points (3)
With the M&E and reporting, we have covered all the stages of the mainstreaming framework. Mainstreaming attempts to bring what can be seen as marginal into the core business and key decision- making processes within the government or any other organization. And that is why it is essential to address both targeted needs of specific social groups and to mainstream into the full cycle.
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75. Thank You
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