1. Samples, Experimental , & Observational Studies

2. Where Does Data Come From?

3. Survey
A survey chooses a sample of a population and interviews them to collect desired data.
Ex. Ask 50 shoppers at the mall what their favorite store is.

4. Different Sampling Methods
Self-Selected : members of a population can volunteer to be in the sample.
Systematic: a rule is used to select members of a population, such as selecting every other person.
Convenience: easy-to-reach members of a population are selected, such as those in the first row.
Random: each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.
Stratified: The population is first divided into groups. Then members are randomly chosen from each group.
Clustered: The population is first divided into groups. A sample of the groups is randomly chosen. All members of the chosen groups are surveyed.

5. Example: A teacher wants to find out how many hours
Example: A teacher wants to find out how many hours students studied for a history quiz. Identify the type of sample described:
a) Before leaving the room, the teacher asks students to write the number of hours they studied for the quiz on the whiteboard if they want to participate.
Self-Selected
b) The teacher selects students randomly from an alphabetical list and asks the selected student how many hours they studied for the quiz.
Random

6. Is the Data Trustworthy?

7. Biased VS Unbiased
Biased Sample : over represents or under represents part of the population.
Unbiased Sample: representative of the population you want information about.
*think about who would be answering and where they are when* they’re answering

8. Example: A teacher wants to find out how many hours
Example: A teacher wants to find out how many hours students studied for a history quiz. Identify the type of sample described:
a) Before leaving the room, the teacher asks students to write the number of hours they studied for the quiz on the whiteboard if they want to participate.
Self-Selected
Biased
b) The teacher selects students randomly from an alphabetical list and asks the selected student how many hours they studied for the quiz.
Random
Unbiased

9. Experiments and Observational Studies

10. Vocabulary
Individuals – People, animals, or objects that are described by data.
Variables – Characteristics used to describe individuals.
Placebo - A treatment to the control group while having no effect to the group
Treatment Group – Experiment group that receives treatment
Control Group – Experiment group that does not receive treatment that is used for comparison.

11. Experiment
An experiment imposes a treatment on individuals to collect data on their responses and compare their responses to a control group.
Ex. A researcher adds acetone to gasoline to measure its effect on fuel efficiency.

12. Observational Study
An observational study observes individuals and measures variables without controlling the individuals or their environment in any way.
Ex. A researcher wants to find out if poor nutrition affects eyesight, but it would be unethical to deliberately subject some individuals to poor nutrition.

13. Example 3: Explain whether each situation is an experiment or an observational study.
A researcher wants to know if a soil additive makes a fern grow more quickly. He grows one specimen in treated soil and one in untreated soil.
The researcher applies a treatment,
so the situation is an experiment.

14. The situation is an example of an observational study.
Example 4: Explain whether each situation is an experiment or an observational study.
To find out whether car accidents are more likely on rainy days, a researcher records the weather conditions during 50 randomly selected accidents for the past year.
The researcher gathers data without controlling the individuals or applying a treatment.
The situation is an example of an observational study.

15. Example 5: Describe the treatment, the treatment group, and the control group.
The treatment is bathing in Epsom salt.
The treatment group consists of the fifty subjects who bathe in the Epsom salt.
the control group consists of the fifty subjects who did not.

16. Example 6: Decide whether the following research topic is best addressed through an experiment or an observational study.
The treatment may affect health, so it is not ethical to assign individuals to a treatment group. Perform an observational study.

17. Example 7: Classify each method as a survey, experiment, or observational study.
Method B:
Method C:
Choose 50 people who have at least one serving of soy a day and 50 who don’t, and check their cholesterol levels.
Randomly choose 100 people. Ask how many servings of soy they have a week, and ask if their cholesterol levels are high.
Randomly choose 50 people to eat at least one serving of soy a day, and 50 people not to, and monitor their cholesterol levels.
Observational Study
Survey
Experiment

18. CLASSWORK Worksheet