1. International Standards on Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs)
The IPPC Secretariat
With the financial support of the STDF project 401
Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) facilitators training

2. Outline IPPC and phytosanitary systems
ISPMs – framework for phytosanitary systems
Group exercise

3. IPPC mission and vision
Vision: Protecting global plant resources from pests. The mission: To secure cooperation among nations in protecting global plant resources from the spread and introduction of pests of plants, in order to preserve food security, biodiversity and to facilitate trade.
Contracting parties to the IPPC commit to preventing the introduction and spread of plant pests.
A central obligation under this cooperative agreement is to establish and maintain a national plant protection organization (NPPO).

4. Phytosanitary systems
The core phytosanitary systems:
Import regulation
Export certification
Surveillance
Pest risk analysis
Pest eradication
Pest Free Areas
The IPPC sets out clear obligations and functions for an NPPO.
In many cases, fulfilling these functions and obligations requires contracting parties to establish systems and operations that go beyond the scope of the older and more restrictive concept of plant quarantine.
The phytosanitary systems allow NPPOs to meet not only the IPPC provisions , but also to fulfil IPPC strategic objectives:
protect sustainable agriculture and enhance global food security through the prevention of pest spread;
protect the environment, forests and biodiversity from plant pests;
facilitate economic and trade development through the promotion of harmonized scientifically based phytosanitary measures
develop phytosanitary capacity for members to accomplish three objectives listed above.

5. ISPMs – the framework for phytosanitary systems and operations
Types of ISPMs:
37 ISPMs plus 12 diagnostic protocols and 21 phytosanitary treatments
Conceptual – 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36
Reference – 5
Umbrella standards – 27 and 28
Specific – 15 and 33
ISPMs form a framework for phytosanitary systems and operations and provide guidance how to set and operate phytosanitary systems.

6. ISPM 5 - Glossary of phytosanitary terms
Scope: This reference standard is a listing of terms and definitions with specific meaning for phytosanitary systems worldwide. It has been developed to provide a harmonized internationally agreed vocabulary associated with the implementation of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).
The ISPM5 provides a common language for implementation and operation of phytosanitary systems and for communication among stakeholders involved in the international trade.

7. Basic IPPC principles for phytosanitary systems
ISPM1 - basic IPPC principles:
Sovereignty
Necessity
Managed risk
Minimal impact
Transparency
Harmonization
Whatever phytosanitary system or operation is implemented it should be based on the IPPC principles. ISPM1 - Phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants and the application of phytosanitary measures in international trade- underlines principles which are fundamental for functioning of an NPPO. These basic principles should underpin all phytosanitary systems and activities.
This standard describes phytosanitary principles for the protection of plants that are embodied in the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and elaborated in its all International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. It covers principles related to the protection of plants, including cultivated and non-cultivated/unmanaged plants, wild flora and aquatic plants, those regarding the application of phytosanitary measures to the international movement of people, commodities and conveyances, as well as those inherent in the objectives of the IPPC. The standard does not alter the IPPC, extend existing obligations, or interpret any other agreement or body of law.

8. Basic IPPC principles for phytosanitary systems
ISPM1 - basic IPPC principles:
Non-discrimination
Technical justification
Cooperation
Equivalence of phytosanitary measures
Modification

9. ISPM 20 - Guidelines for a phytosanitary import regulatory system
Scope: This standard describes the structure and operation of a phytosanitary import regulatory system and the rights, obligations and responsibilities which should be considered in establishing, operating and revising the system.

10. Phytosanitary import regulatory system – involved ISPMs
Phytosanitary measures in exporting countries ISPM 7, 14, 23, 31
Special imports
ISPM 3
Designation of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence
ISPM 4,8,10, 22, 26,29
Recognition of equivalency ISPM 24
Non-compliance and emergency actions ISPM 13
Pest reporting
ISPM 17
Phytosanitary measures are applied to regulated articles to be imported.
They can be required prior to entry, at entry or post entry.
Phytosanitary measures in exporting country, during shipment, at the point of entry – ISPM 20, 7, 14, 31
ISPM 7 - Phytosanitary certification system
ISPM 14 - The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management
ISPM 23 - Guidelines for inspection
ISPM 31 - Methodologies for sampling of consignments
2) ISPM 3 - Guidelines for the export, shipment, import and release of biological control agents and other beneficial organisms
3) ISPM 4- Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas
ISPM22 - Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
ISPM 8 - Determination of pest status in an area
ISPM 10 - Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites
ISPM 26 - Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies
ISPM 29 - Recognition of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence
4) ISPM Guidelines for the determination and recognition of equivalence of phytosanitary measures
5) ISPM 13 - Guidelines for the notification of non-compliance and emergency action
6) ISPM 17 - Pest reporting

11. Phytosanitary import regulatory system - justification of phytosanitary measures
Pest surveillance ISPM6
Pest status ISPM8
PRA ISPM 2, 11, 21
Lists of regulated pests ISPM 19, 16
Phyto. measures
Phytosanitary measures are applied to regulated articles based on the IPPC principles - ISPM1.
To justify phytosanitary measures a country needs to have a list of regulated articles and of pests, as well as to be able to justify why those articles and pests are regulated.
ISPM8 - Determination of pest status in an area
ISPM 2 - Framework for pest risk analysis
ISPM 11- Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests
ISPM 21 - Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests
ISPM 32 - Categorization of commodities according to their pest risk
ISPM 19 - Guidelines on lists of regulated pests
ISPM 16 - Regulated non-quarantine pests: Concept and application

12. ISPM7 - Phytosanitary certification system
Scope: This standard contains requirements and describes components of a phytosanitary certification system to be established by national plant protection organizations (NPPOs). Requirements and guidelines for the preparation and issuance of phytosanitary certificates (phytosanitary certificates for export and phytosanitary certificates for re-export) are described in ISPM 12 (Phytosanitary certificates).

13. Components of Phytosanitary certification system
Import requirements ISPM20
Inspection ISPM 23,
Wood Packaging Material ISPM 15
Sampling ISPM31
Testing ISPM27
Treatments ISPM 18, 28
Pest free areas
ISPM 4, 8, 10, 26, 29
Issuance of Phytosanitary certificates - ISPM12
Non compliance ISPM13

14. ISPM 6 - Guidelines for surveillance
Scope: This standard describes the components of survey and monitoring systems for the purpose of pest detection and the supply of information for use in pest risk analyses, the establishment of pest free areas and, where appropriate, the preparation of pest lists.
Plant pest surveillance system is a one of the key phytosanitary systems providing data for any other phytosanitary system and activities. Data collected through surveillance allow to aid early detection of pests, set lists of pests present in the country and of regulated pests, define pest status, establish the phytosanitary import requirements, perform regionalization, conform pest eradication, report the presence, outbreak or spread of pests.

15. Pest surveillance and lists of regulated pests
Surveillance ISPM6
National pest list
Pest status
ISPM8
Pest risk analysis ISPM 2,11,21
Lists of regulated pests ISPM 19
One of the most important outcomes of having efficient surveillance system is an NPPO’s ability to have a scientifically justified list of regulated pests/articles.
To arrive to this goal several steps are undertaken, and different ISPMs are applied along with the ISPM6.
Slide shows a process how ISPM6 and other ISPMs serve to establish a regulated pests list.

16. ISPM 9 - Guidelines for pest eradication programmes
Scope: This standard describes the components of a pest eradication programme which can lead to the establishment or re- establishment of pest absence in an area.

17. Pest eradication programmes – steps and ISPMs involved
Pest surveillance ISPM6
Diagnostics ISPM27
Eradication/ containment ISPM 9
Phytosanitary treatments ISPM 28
Declaration of eradication ISPM 8
Steps of an eradication programme and use of different ISPMs:
I – Initiation - The eradication programme may be initiated by detection of a pest new to an area arising from general surveillance or specific surveys (ISPM 6). In the case of established pests, the eradication programme will be initiated by policy considerations (e.g. a decision taken to establish a pest free area).
II – Identification (ISPM 27)
III - Estimating present and potential pest distribution
IV - Feasibility of undertaking an eradication programme – PRA (ISPM2, 11 and 21)
V - Decision on eradication:
to fully investigate the distribution of the pest (ISPM6) - A delimiting survey should be completed either initially or to confirm earlier surveys. Monitoring surveys should then continue in accordance with the eradication plan to check the distribution of the pest and assess the effectiveness of the eradication programme (see ISPM 6). Surveillance may include a pathway analysis to identify the source of the pest and its possible spread, the inspection of clonally or contact-linked material, inspection, trapping, and aerial observation. This may also include targeted inquiries to growers, those responsible for storage and handling facilities, and the public.
containment: to prevent the spread of the pest - The NPPO should define a quarantine area using surveillance information. The initial investigations will provide information that is used to identify plants, plant products, or other articles whose movement out of the quarantine area needs to be regulated to prevent the spread of the pest. Owners of affected plants, plant products and other regulated articles should be notified of the regulations. Others interested or affected by regulations should also be provided with adequate information. Arrangements should be made for the release of plants, plant products or other regulated articles from the quarantine area, by clearance following verification of compliance with phytosanitary measures such as inspection, treatment or destruction. Provision should be made for the withdrawal of regulations when an eradication programme has been declared to be successful.
treatment: to eradicate the pest when it is found.
VI- Verification of pest eradication - The official management authority should verify that the criteria for successful pest eradication established at the beginning of the programme have been achieved.
VII - Declaration of eradication - A declaration of eradication by the NPPO follows the completion of a successful eradication programme. The status of the pest in the area is then “absent: pest eradicated” (see ISPM 8). It involves communication with affected and interested parties, as well as appropriate authorities concerning the fulfilment of programme objectives. Programme documentation and other relevant evidence supporting the declaration should be made available to other NPPOs upon request.

18. Pest risk analysis – ISPM 2, 11 and 21
ISPM2 -Framework for pest risk analysis- Scope:
This standard provides a framework that describes the pest risk analysis (PRA) process within the scope of the IPPC. It introduces the three stages of pest risk analysis – initiation, pest risk assessment and pest risk management. The standard focuses on the initiation stage. Generic issues of information gathering, documentation, risk communication, uncertainty and consistency are addressed.
ISPM11- Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests - Scope:
The standard provides details for the conduct of pest risk analysis (PRA) to determine if pests are quarantine pests. It describes the integrated processes to be used for risk assessment as well as the selection of risk management options.
ISPM21-Pest risk analysis for regulated non quarantine pests - Scope:
This standard provides guidelines for conducting pest risk analysis for regulated non- quarantine pests. It describes the integrated processes to be used for risk assessment and the selection of risk management options to achieve a pest tolerance level.

19. PRA - justification of phytosanitary measures
ISPM 2, 11, 21
Pest listing
ISPM 19, 16
Import requirements
ISPM 20
Import and release of biological control agents ISPM 3
Inspection ISPM 23
Pest free areas ISPM 4,8,10, 22,29
System approach ISPM 14
Equivalence
ISPM 24
Transit
ISPM 25
Justification of Phytosanitary measures is the IPPC basic principle and is performed through PRA. PRA is applied for:
1. Pest listing - Technical justification through PRA is required to determine if pests should be regulated and the strength of phytosanitary measures to be taken against them (ISPM 11 (Pest risk analysis for
quarantine pests); ISPM 21 (Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests)). PRA may be done on a specific pest or on all the pests associated with a particular pathway (e.g. a commodity). A commodity may be classified by its level of processing or its intended use (see ISPM 32 (Categorization of commodities according to their pest risk)). Regulated pests should be listed according to ISPM 19 (Guidelines on lists of regulated pests))
2. Import requirements - Pest risk analysis (PRA) provides the basis for technical justification for phytosanitary import requirements.
3. NPPOs or other responsible authorities should carry out pest risk analysis of biological control agents and other beneficial organisms prior to import or prior to release.
4. PRA also provides the means for developing lists of regulated pests requiring phytosanitary measures, and identifies those for which inspection is appropriate or identifies commodities that are subject to inspection. If new pests are reported during inspection, emergency actions may be undertaken, as appropriate. Where emergency actions are taken, a PRA should be used for evaluating these pests and developing recommendations for appropriate further actions when necessary. ISPM 22 - Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
5. PFA - level of phytosanitary security required for a pest free area depends on the assessed level of risk associated with a pest under consideration, according to the pest risk analysis conducted.
ALPP - ISPM 22 - Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence. Specified levels for the relevant pests should be established by the NPPO of the country where the ALPP is located, with sufficient precision to allow assessment of whether surveillance data and protocols are adequate to determine that pest incidence is below these levels. Specified pest levels may be established through PRA, for example as described in ISPM 11 (Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests) and ISPM 21 (Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests).
6. Feasibility of undertaking an eradication programme - an estimate of the impact of the pest, the extent of the infested area, the potential for spread, and the anticipated rate of spread is necessary to judge the feasibility of an eradication programme. PRA provides a scientific basis for this estimate (see ISPM 2 and ISPM 11 (Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests)). Possible eradication options and cost-benefit factors should also be considered.
7. System approach - The conclusions from pest risk assessment (Stage 2 of PRA) are used to decide whether pest risk management is required and the strength of measures to be used. Pest risk management, (Stage 3 of PRA), is the process of identifying ways to react to a perceived risk, evaluating the efficacy of these procedures, and recommending the most appropriate options.
A combination of phytosanitary measures in a systems approach is one of the options which may be selected as the basis for phytosanitary import requirements.
8. Equivalence – ISPM24 - Guidelines for the determination and recognition of equivalence of phytosanitary measures- The process of comparing alternative phytosanitary measures for the purpose of determining their equivalence usually relates to a specified export commodity and specified regulated pests identified through pest risk analysis.
9. Transit- ISPM25 - Consignments in transit - Pest risk analysis (PRA) related to consignments in transit would be facilitated by the sharing of relevant PRA information already obtained or developed by one or both of the NPPOs of the importing and exporting contracting parties.

20. Pest Free Areas
ISPMs 4, 10 and 22: Describe the requirements for the establishment and use of pest free areas (PFAs), pest free places of production and pest free production sites (PFPP and PFPS), areas of low pest prevalence (ALPP) as a risk management option for phytosanitary certification of plants and plant products and other regulated articles exported from the PFAs, PFPPs, PFPSs and ALPPs or to support the scientific justification for phytosanitary measures taken by an importing country.
In addition to the ISPMs listed above:
ISPM4 - Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas
ISPM10- Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites
ISPM22 - Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
ISPM 26 - provides guidelines for the establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae) of economic importance, and for the maintenance of their pest free status.

21. Pest Free Areas
ISPMs 29 - Recognition of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence This standard provides guidance and describes a procedure for the bilateral recognition of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence. This standard does not include specified timelines for the recognition procedure. This standard also provides some considerations regarding pest free places of production and pest free production sites.

22. Pest Free Areas – Group Exercise
Breakout into 2 groups.
Working in groups:
Consider ISPM 4 to identify main components for the establishment, maintenance and recognition of PFAs (use post its) and determine relevant ISPMs.
In plenary, present your findings as a group.
Please use for this exercise clip charts and post its.