1. Chapter 6: Learning

2. A change in an organism's actions, thoughts, or emotions as a result of an experience.
Habituation-the process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli.
Simplest and earliest form of learning
Studied by measuring sweat, skin conductance response
We stop sweating sooner to weak stimuli than strong stimuli
No habituation for very strong stimuli; wouldn't want to habituate to dangerous stimuli; only happens when things are considered safe, or worth ignoring
Sensitization-responding more strongly over time; when a stimulus is dangerous or irritating
What is learning?

3. 6.1: Classical Conditioning

4. Objective(s): Describe Pavlov's model of classical conditioning and discriminate conditioned stimuli and responses from unconditioned stimuli and responses. Explain the major principles and terminology associated with classical conditioning. Explain how complex behaviors can result from classical conditioning and how they emerge in our daily lives. 
Agenda: Bellwork, 6.1 notes and discussion, Closure
Bellwork: Read, think, reflect...
How do positive/negative experiences affect how you experience things in the future?
For Example: You once had food poisoning at a restaurant and will no longer go back there to eat, or do you?
Lesson #10

5. Classical Conditioning and Pavlov
Conditioning-forming associations among stimuli
Pavlov: studied digestion in dogs.
Collected saliva as a response to stimuli
Classical Conditioning/Pavlovian Conditioning-a form of learning in which animals come to response to a previously neutral stimulus that elicits an automatic response
Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS)-stimulus that results in an automatic/reflexive response
Unconditioned Response(UCR)-the automatic/reflexive response from the UCS—does not need to be learned/product of nature
Conditioned Response(CR)-response previously associated with nonneutral stimulus that comes to be elicited by a neutral stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus(CS)-previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response as a result of its association with an UCS.
video
Do you have to be conscious?
Heavily reliable
Classical Conditioning and Pavlov

6. Three Phases of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition-we gradually learn, or acquire, CR. 
The closer we time the pairing of the CS and the UCS, the faster the learning occurs
When a stimulus immediately precedes a second stimulus is more likely to have caused a response than something that happened a long time ago
Backward conditioning-when the UCS is presented before the CS—this is extremely difficult to achieve
For conditioning to work efficiently , the CS must forecast the appearance of the UCS. Essentially, a stimulus that comes after a second stimulus cannot have caused it.
Extinction-the CR decreases in magnitude and eventually disappears when the CS is repeatedly presented alone (or without the UCS)
Spontaneous Recovery-when a seemingly extinct CR reappears (often weaker) 
Renewal Effect-when we extinguish a response in a setting different from the one in which the animal acquired it.
Three Phases of Classical Conditioning

7. Other Reactions to Stimulus
Stimulus Generalization-when a CSs that are similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a CR.
adaptive
Other Reactions to Stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination-occurs when we exhibit a less pronounced CR to CSs that differ from the original CS
Learned to discriminate
Adaptive

8. Higher Order Conditioning
When organisms develop a classically conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by association with another conditioned stimulus
Progressive-1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc..
Becomes weaker each time 
Addictions
Hunger 
Higher Order Conditioning

9. Applications to Daily Life
Advertising
Pairing sights and sounds with photographs
Pairing pictures of products with celebrities
Paring info about antidepressants with pleasurable stimuli
Latent Inhibition-when we experienced a CS alone many times, it is difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus
Acquisition of Phobias and Fears
Stimulus generalization-allows us to develop fears of many stimuli
If we can be classically conditioned to acquire phobias, we can use it to get rid of them
Fetishes
Fetishism-sexual attraction to nonliving things
Males are more prone to fetishism. Possible because they are more visually oriented than females when it comes to sexual stimuli
Disgust Reactions
Acquired with surprising ease
Often tied to stimuli that are biologically important to us
Applications to Daily Life

10. Can you think of a stimulus to which you believe you have been classically conditioned?
Can you identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
Closure