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Anger and Hostility Class 20 (wrap –up).

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1 Anger and Hostility Class 20 (wrap –up)

2 Final Exam Date and Time
Quiz 2 and Final Date: Tuesday, April 17 Time: Start of class Covers: Everything since the midterm: Class 14 “Emotions and Social Judgment” Format: Multiple choice Final Exam Date and Time Date: Tuesday, May 8 Time: 11:45-2:45 Covers: Everything since the midterm: Class 14: “Emotions and Social Judgment” Only material we cover; topics we don’t cover won’t be on the final. Format: Multiple choice

3 Terror Management Theory and Aggression
Human Dilemma Humans only species aware of its own mortality Humans, like all animals, instinctively flee danger BUT Mortality awareness is danger humans can’t flee Culture provides defense against “existential terror” of mortality awareness. * Promise of immortality (e.g., religion) * Promise of meaningful life, transcends mortality

4 Threat to Cultural Worldview and Violence
If mortality is greatest fear, and If cultural worldview is my only defense against mortality fears, Then how do I feel towards those who challenge my cultural worldview? War for religious, ideological beliefs Martyrdom for religious, ideological beliefs 30 Years War

5 Terror Mgt and Violence: Experimental Evidence
Mortality Salience Manipulation Briefly write describe the emotions that the thought of your own death arouses in you. Jot down, as specifically as you can, what you think will happen to you as you physically die. Control Condition Neutral: Write about eating a meal, watching TV Control Condition Negative: Dental pain, social rejection

6 Results of Terror Mgt. Experiments
Hostile Attitudes Increased Anti-Semitism Harsher criminal sentences to repeat offenders Harsher ratings of anti USA essay writer Increased hostility to African Americans Increased victim-blaming Hostile Behavior Distance from Turk vs. fellow German (in Germany) Hot sauce administered to person with opposing views

7 “Thanatos”: Instinct for Destruction (Freud)
Destruction, mayhem is fun Movies, novels, plays, video games “That dog is gonna die” movies justify our blood lust. Does anger do any good???

8 Culture and Aggression:
Yanomamo and Inuit

9 Culture and Aggression
Interdependent Cultures: Utku Environ. requires cooperation and tolerance Adios to crazy, savage researcher Individualistic/Pride Based Culture: Yanomamo Environment more benign, cooperation less necessary Let’s rip-off the sappy researcher 

10 World of the Yanomami 24% males die in warfare

11 Violence in the USA Percent of adolescent boys involved in 1 + fights
What is the MOST violent industrialized nation? USA Violence in the USA Percent of adolescent boys involved in 1 + fights 50% Percent of adolescent girls involved in 1 + fights 25% 23% Percent of adolescents who bring knife to school 3-5% Percent of adolescents who bring gun to school 8% Percent of men who encounter violent crime All stats under-reported

12 Individualistic vs. Collectivist Cultures
Individualistic: Self interest promoted "I Self" Collectivist: Group interest promoted "We self" Individualist: Your gain can be my loss Collectivist: Your gain is our gain is my gain Violence in "we self" culture is bizarre; like self-mutilation. BUT: Also authoritarian vs. libertarian societies Bad to harm "in-group“, OK to harm "out-group" Violence OK for violating group norms in collectivist Reward for violating group norms in individualist Also: Honor-focused vs. non Honor focused societies

13 RETALIATION OR FORGIVENESS: WHICH WORKS BETTER AGAINST AGGRESSION?

14 Prisoners’ Dilemma Cooperation Game
Player Player 2 Cooperate Defect Both gain small reward Player #1 gains big reward, #2 looses Player #2 gains big reward, #1 looses Both player loose

15 Victim Retaliation and Perpetrator Aggression
Robt. Baron, 1974 Value of being aggressive: High Value: “Macho men (mature, masculine) give strong shocks to partner.” Low Value: No information about punishment and masculinity Likelihood of retaliation from partner: Low: Can never return shocks Medium: Might sometimes be able to return shock High: Will always be able to return shock

16 Aggression to Potential Victim Due to Value of Hostility and Victim’s Potential to Retaliate
Relates to? Bullying, culture of honor

17 HOSTILE EMOTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS:
ANY GOOD ONES? Contempt Anger Withdrawal Whining Not Good Sometimes Good Not Good Not Good

18 Function of Anger in Interpersonal Relationships (Averill, 1981)
Subjects: 80 married, 80 singles Subs complete daily emotion self-reports Results: 66% report anger 1-2 a week (not just about each other) 44% annoyance once a day Anger due to: frustration, violation of expectation, loss of pride, damage to property, self Anger source: Most often someone known, liked Why get angry? Assert authority, rights Change the offender Strengthen relationship

19 Does Anger do Any Good? Averill, continued
Feelings about being angry: Most DON’T like it Was expression of anger beneficial? Percent of Expressers saying yes: Percent of Targets saying yes: 62% 70% Anger  relationship readjustment Anger is act of commitment, is pledge to see problem through But, anger can lead to cycle of violence

20 Fear and Anxiety Class 20

21 Fear and Anxiety (Öhman Chapter)
Fear Thoughts Physiology Behavior Timing Something bad now, very soon Weak limbs, heart races, dry mouth Flee, desire to escape Occurs post-stimulus Anxiety Thoughts Physiology Behavior Timing Something bad in the future Tension Limited responses Occurs pre-stimulus

22 Classes of Fear Inducing Situations
X Interpersonal Threat (rejection, ostracism, shaming) Mortality Fears (death, injury, illness, blood, surgery) Fear of animals (domestics, small ones, bugs, reptiles) Agoraphobic fear (open/closed spaces, traveling alone) Which of these is greatest fear?

23 Evolutionary Basis for Fears
Social Fears Mortality fears Animals Agoraphobia Fear of Rejection Humans prey on humans Humans only species aware of its own mortality Predators Disease agents Separation fears, lost in open space, lost in crowds

24 Phun With Phobias 1. Chaetophobia 2. Ephebophobia -- 3. Coulrophobia
4. Ergasiophobia 5. Gymnophobia 6. Parakavedkeatriaphobia 7. Neophobia Fear of hair Fear of youths Fear of clowns Fear of work Fear of nudity Fear of Friday 13 Fear of newness

25 “Preparedness” as Evidence of Evolutionary Basis for Phobias
Which is the most scary? Tarantula Viper Rat 1988 Chevy 4-door Which is the most deadly? Tarantula Viper Rat 1988 Chevy 4-door X

26 Experimental Evidence of Preparedness (Ohman et al., 1975)
UCS—Electric shock—paired with either a. Conditioning phobic: Phobic stim b. Conditioning neutral: Neutral stim OR, c. Sensitize: Shocks only, but no pairing OR, d. Control: Photos only, no shocks MEASURE: Skin conductance response (SCR) QUESTION: How long for conditioned response (CS) to extinguish (SCR lower) due to expt. condition (a-d)? UCS = Unconditioned Stimulus

27 Extinction Rate of Conditioned Fear, When UCS (Pain) Paired with Phobic or Neutral Stimuli
Phobic Stims Neutral Stims SCR SCR “Condition” = Photo + Shock “Sensitize” = Shocks only “CS Alone” = Photos w/o shocks

28 Why Do Phobias Exist? A Harber Speculation Moment
How we now live Isolated Protected by professionals Few threats Need for warning—low How we used to live Collectively Protected by each other Many threats Need for warning—high The Baboon “neurotic” who never overcame researcher phobia.

29 Hearing and Not Hearing Danger Signals: December 7, 1941

30 Signal Detection: Where to err?
Danger Present Danger Not Present Sound Alarm Hit False Positive Don’t Alarm Negative X

31 Why Humans “Favor” False Alarms
Humans faced signal detection dilemma for millennia Evolved in a highly dangerous world Evolutionary lessons “learned” by psyche are that: 1. Defenses must activate quickly 2. Must activate at hint of threat, not at certainty 3. Threat registered with minimal cues Le Doux's "Fear Loop": Direct link: auditory nuclei to amygdala. Bypasses thalamo-cortical path. Threat doesn’t require high-level analyses

32 Problem of Attention and Threat
1. Where to point the "radar dish", to best detect threat? 2. Timing: How do look at the right place AT THE RIGHT TIME to find threats? 3. How do we do anything else, if we're focusing only on threat?

33 Automatic vs. Controlled Info. Processing
Gross characteristics Fine characteristics Unconscious, voluntary Conscious, directed Can’t suppress/distract Can suppress/distract Parallel (several modes at once). Sequential (only one mode at a time). Does not require effort Effortful Can’t be observed by self Can be observed by self (introspection). Automatic Controlled

34 Gavin de Becker "Gift of Fear" Examples
Unexpected Apprehension: Woman at drive-up ATM: Flash of fear due to suddenness, speed, closeness of approaching person. Dark Humor: Package without return address "I'm going back to my office before the bomb goes off." Bomb went off--Unibomber. Joke allows for socially safe way to express fear.

35 Automatic Processing and Threat Detection
Automatic, non-conscious mental activity gives us early warning system for detecting threat. Implication: You can know and not know something at the same time--know it unconsciously, but not consciously Arne Ohman studies: Show how this occurs Basic technique: Backward masking Arne Ohman

36 Backward Masking 1. Present picture of threatening stimulus very quickly (30 milliseconds)  2. Immediately after threat pix is shown, show a non-threatening picture. The second picture is a mask, blocks first picture from consciousness.  3. Reaction to first picture (e.g., snake) indicates unconscious processing Mask

37 Automatic Processing of Fearful Stimuli (Ohman & Soares, 1994)
1. Pre-select: Snake phobic, not spider phobic Spider phobic, not snake phobic Have no fear of spiders or snakes 2. Targets: photos of snakes, spiders, flowers, mushrooms 3. Masks: Cut-up/reassembled target photos 4. Show target photo for 30 milliseconds. 5. Show mask for 100 milliseconds 6. Later, show target without mask 7. Outcome measure: GSR—a measure of anxiety. 8. All subjects exposed to photos of snakes, spiders, flowers, mushrooms in masked and, later, un-masked condition.

38 Automatic Processing of Fearful Stimuli: Results of Masked Stimuli Only
Masked Stims

39 Anxiety Primes Attention to Anxious Stimuli
Subjects: Trait anxious vs. normal controls Auditory shadowing task * Attended ear – listens to story * Dis-attended ear -- threat words (kill, hate, disease) -- Neutral words (juice, table, leaf) Visual probes: Press “J” for names, “F” for foods Question: Is Reaction Time (RT) for visual probes affected by threat/neutral words?

40 Idealized Results of Shadowing Study
Implication: Trait anxiety  heightened sensitivity to threat.

41 Stigma: Where fear, anger, and humor intersect
Stigma—from “Stigmata”, a mark Who are the stigmatized? Those who violate social norms: Old, infirm, disfigured, disabled, social outcast, criminal, “the other” Reactions to the stigmatized? Fear, anger, fascination, disgust, interest, anxiety, derision

42 Why the Strong Reactions to the Stigmatized?
Learned : e.g., parents to young Inborn : Part of evolutionary make-up a. Strong attack weak in hierarchical species b. Immediate fear and loathing to dead animals

43 Reactions of Chimps to the Dead and Disabled
Reactions to anesthetized chimps (Hebb & Thompson, 1954) Reactions to paralyzed chimps (Goodall, 1971) Emotional reactions? Fear, anger, disgust, distain

44 Are responses to stigma always negative?
Compassion: Some chimps adopted the polio victims Fascination: Curious about people, who violate norms. a. “Freak shows” b. Tourists to East Village Admiration: a. Glamour of the rebel, bad boy/girl b. Respect for courage—Helen Keller Ambivalence: Emotions that go strongly in two directions at once—uncomfortable and powerful.

45 Stigmatized: Hyper-visible and invisible
Hyper-visible: Staring at the handicapped (Langer, et al. 1976) Invisibility and being stigmatized? Invisibility: People try to not see the stigmatized I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. … it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. [People see] only my surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination—indeed, everything and anything except me. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

46

47 Panic Attacks: Characteristics
* Place people is full-blown terror mode * Powerful sense of foreboding, fear, dread * Physiologically arousing: heart, breathing, etc. * Mental readiness for danger: Planning escape

48 Panic Attacks: Causes 1. Biologically-oriented: spontaneous, arise from bio-chemical misfiring 2. Psychologists: precipitating thoughts and events, especially separation-related: family strife, job-loss 3. Attack requires: a. symptom sensitivity + b. catastrophic cognitions + c. preceding/concurrent negative events 4. Patients complain about meaning of panic 5. Panics are a vicious cycle: arousal --> cognitions --> arousal How to manage panic attacks 1. Attacks last from minutes 2. Knowing this allows people to wait it out


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