1. Chemistry and Cells: Overview

2. Basic Biochemistry
Study of chemical compositions and reactions of living things
Organic
Molecule with carbon, often large
Inorganic
All other chemcals in the body

3. Inorganic Molecules
Water
Salts
Acids and Bases

4. Organic Molecules Carbohydrates: sugars, energy Lipids: fats
Protein: major players in cellular structure and function
Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

5. Most important molecule of All…
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + energy
hydrolysis

6. Cell Theory The cell is the basic unit of life
Every living thing is made of cells
Every cell comes from a pre-existing cell

7. Parts of the cell Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Fluid mosaic model
Function:
Protective barrier
Membrane transport
Cytoplasm
Material between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Site where most cellular activities occur

8. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria: “power plants of the cell”
Produce ATP (cellular energy)
Complex organelles, have own DNA and RNA and can reproduce themselves
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

9. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum: “network”
Rough
studded with ribosomes
“membrane factory”
Smooth
Involved in synthesis and processing of “fat”

10. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi Apparatus: “traffic director”
Transports newly formed proteins from the rough ER to their final destination
Modify, concentrate and packages proteins along the way
Lysosomes: the cell’s “demolition crew”
Digests biological molecules
Involved in detoxification

11. The Nucleus Control Center: contains entire genetic information
Bound by nuclear envelope
Nucleoli: site of ribosome production
Chromatin: composed of DNA and histones

12. Cell Life Cycle: Interphase
G1: cells are active and growing
S: DNA replicates itself
G2: growth and final preparation for division

13. Mitotic Phase: M
Prophase: sister chromatids align, mitotic spindle forms
Metaphase: nuclear membrane fragments, centromeres align at equator of mitotic spindle
Anaphase: daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase: new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, cleavage of two cells
See figure 3.30 on pg. 100

14. Protein Synthsis Transcription Translation:
transfer of information from DNA to complimentary mRNA (RNA polymerase)
Within nucleus
Translation:
mRNA travels to ribosome where tRNA brings appropriate amino acids to align to mRNA codons