1. The Cell Membrane and Transport Processes
CELL BOUNDARIES
The Cell Membrane and Transport Processes

2. I. The Structure and Function of the Cell Membrane

3. Components of the cell membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer – nonpolar fatty acid tails turn inside, polar phosphate heads turn outside – forms a flexible structure as a boundary
Proteins – can be integral proteins or peripheral proteins. They can act as enzymes, receptors, transport and binding molecules
Carbohydrates – Identification tags outside of the cell membrane (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
Cholesterol – helps stabilizing the membrane by making it more solid – animal cells

4. The Function of the Cell Membrane
Surrounds the cell.
Regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell -- semipermeable
Immune response
Attaches the cells to other cells or surfaces.
The model that describes cell membrane, the Fluid Mosaic Model

5. Selective Permeability
Cell membranes control what goes in and out of the cell
It allows some substances to cross more easily than others

6. II. Passive Transport Processes
Transport means the movement of molecules from one side of the cell membrane to the other
Transport is influenced by:
The size of substances
The polarity of substances
The concentration of substances
The permeability of the cell membrane

7. Important in transporting O2, CO2, water, small molecules.
Passive transport: requires no energy from the cell, the energy comes from the difference in concentration not ATP (energy from the cell).
Moves smaller substances from the higher to the lower concentration area.
Important in transporting O2, CO2, water, small molecules.

8. Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion – moving substances within the cell and small nonpolar molecules across the phospholipid bilayer.

9. http://www. stolaf. edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis
Osmosis: the movement of water across the cell membrane by using the phospholipid bilayer or transport proteins.
Tonicity:
Describes the tendency of a cell in a given solution to lose or gain water.
Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

10. Osmosis in action
Isotonic solutions – when cells are put into solutions that have equivalent salt concentration, visible osmosis does not take place.
Hypotonic solutions – Cells in very dilute solutions will take in water and eventually can burst (animal cells).
Hypertonic solutions – Cells in very concentrated solutions will lose water and shrink.

12.
Facilitated Diffusion – a special type of diffusion in which the transported molecules are moved by the help of a transport protein.

13. III. Active Transport http://bcs. whfreeman
Transport processes that can move substances from the lower concentration area to the higher by using energy.
Transport proteins are always required

14. A type of active transport is the Na-K ion pump
3 sodium ions move out of the cell with the help of a transport protein, while 2 potassium ions move into the cell.

16. H + ion pump – this active transport moves hydrogen ions (protons) from low to high concentration area by using energy from the cell (ATP).

17. IV. Bulk Transport
Bulk transport – transport of large substances through the cell membrane by using vesicles.
Endocytosis – a process by which large particles can move into the cell
Types of endocytosis:
Phagocytosis – engulfing solid particles
Pinocytosis – engulfing liquids, solutions
Receptor-mediated endocytosis – moving into the cell by first binding with receptor molecules on the cell’s surface.
– amoeba eating two paramecia
– summary of all

19. Exocytosis – the process by which the cell releases large molecules through its cell membrane