1. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Mostly a review of Physical Science B
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Mostly a review of Physical Science B
Quick Chapter

2. Chapter 2 Matter Everything in the universe is made of matter
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Matter
Everything in the universe is made of matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Mass is the quantity of matter an object has.
Chemical changes in matter are essential to all life processes

3. Chapter 2 Matter Section 1 Composition of Matter
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

4. Chapter 2 Elements and Atoms
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Elements and Atoms
Elements are made of a single kind of atoms and cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances.
Elements are organized in the periodic table
Examples are Cl, Na, C
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

5. Chapter 2 Element Section 1 Composition of Matter
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

6. Elements and Atoms, continued
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Elements and Atoms, continued
The Nucleus
Protons and neutrons make up the Nucleus of the atom.

7. Elements and Atoms, continued
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Elements and Atoms, continued
Electrons
Electrons move about the nucleus in orbitals.
An Orbital is a three-dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.

8. Elements and Atoms, continued
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Elements and Atoms, continued
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are called isotopes.

9. Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Compounds
Compounds consist of atoms of two or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds in a fixed proportion.
The physical and chemical properties differ between the compounds and the elements that make them up
Example: H20, CO2

10. Chapter 2 Compounds Section 1 Composition of Matter
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

11. Chapter 2 Compounds, continued Covalent Bonds
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Compounds, continued
Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
Both hydrogen’s needs a 2nd electron to obtain stability and oxygen needs 2 electrons

12. Chapter 2 Covalent Bonding Section 1 Composition of Matter
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

13. Chapter 2 Compounds, continued Ionic Bonds
Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Compounds, continued
Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond is formed when one atom gives an electron to another.
The positive ion is then attracted to a negative ion to form the ionic bond.

14. Section 1 Composition of Matter
Chapter 2
Ionic Bonding

15. Chapter 2 Ionic Bonding Section 1 Composition of Matter
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

16. Question:
What is the general difference between ionic and covalent bonding?
Answer:
In covalent bonding electrons are shared between two atoms, with ionic bonding electrons are transferred between two atoms (there is NO sharing)

17. Chapter 2 Energy The ability to do work Can occur in different forms
Section 2 Energy
Chapter 2
Energy
The ability to do work
Can occur in different forms
Electrical energy (light bulb filament)
Radiant energy (sunlight)
Thermal energy (heat)
Chemical energy (glucose)
Mechanical energy (energy inside organisms)

18. Chapter 2 Energy Section 2 Energy
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

19. Chapter 2 Energy and Matter States of Matter
Section 2 Energy
Chapter 2
Energy and Matter
States of Matter
Addition of energy to a substance can cause its state to change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas.

20. 2H2 + O2 2H2O products reactants Chapter 2
Section 2 Energy
Chapter 2
Energy and Chemical Reactions
Reactants are substances that enter chemical reactions.
Products are substances produced by chemical reactions.
(yields)
2H2 + O H2O
products
reactants

21. Energy and Chemical Reactions
Section 2 Energy
Chapter 2
Energy and Chemical Reactions

22. Energy and Chemical Reactions, continued
Section 2 Energy
Chapter 2
Energy and Chemical Reactions, continued
Activation Energy
Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy necessary for a reaction to begin in living systems.
Catalysts reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place
Enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed

23. Activation Energy and Chemical Reactions
Section 2 Energy
Chapter 2
Activation Energy and Chemical Reactions
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

24. Oxidation – Reduction Reactions
Chemical rxns which transfer energy in living things
They involve the transfer of electrons
Rxns in which electrons are transferred between atoms

25. Screaming Gummy Bear Demo: (youtube)
Screaming Gummy Bear Demo: (youtube)
C12H22O11 + O C + 3CO2 + H20
sucrose
Sucrose loses electrons= oxidized
Oxygen gains electrons = reduced
End of section 2.2!

26. Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Water
One of the most important component found in living things
Has several unique properties
Polarity
Hydrogen bonding
Cohesion and Adhesion
Surface Tension
Temperature moderation
Density

27. Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Polarity
Water is considered to be a polar molecule due to an uneven distribution of charge.
Water is covalently bonded and the electrons are NOT share equally
Oxygen wants the electrons more than hydrogen so it pulls the electrons more toward it’s nucleus, resulting in a polar molecule
The electrons in a water molecule are shared unevenly between hydrogen and oxygen.

28. Chapter 2 Polarity, continued Solubility of Water
Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Polarity, continued
Solubility of Water
The polarity of water makes it effective at dissolving other polar substances such as sugars, ionic compounds, and some proteins.
RULE:
“Like dissolves like”
Polar solutions will dissolve polar substances and non-polar solutions will dissolve non-polar substances.

29. Chapter 2 Hydrogen Bonding
Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Hydrogen Bonding
A hydrogen bond is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.

30. Hydrogen Bonding, continued
Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Hydrogen Bonding, continued
Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion is an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together, such as water molecules.
Adhesion is the attractive force between two particles of different substances, such as water molecules and glass molecules.

31. Comparing Cohesion and Adhesion
Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Comparing Cohesion and Adhesion
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

32. Jesus Christ Lizard Surface Tension
The cohesion of water cause the molecules at the surface of the water to be pulled downward into the liquid
As a result water acts as if it has skin on the surface
Jesus Christ Lizard

33. Hydrogen Bonding, continued
Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Hydrogen Bonding, continued
Temperature Moderation
Water has the ability to absorb a relatively large amount of energy as heat and the ability to cool surfaces through evaporation.

34. Hydrogen Bonding, continued
Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Hydrogen Bonding, continued
Density of Ice
Solid water is less dense than liquid water due to the shape of the water molecule and hydrogen bonding.
Ice floats on top of water, it does not sink to the bottom

35. Section 3 Water and Solutions
Chapter 2
Solutions
A solution consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Solute = sugar
Solvent = water
Solution = koolaid
Water is a good solvent!
THE END