1. Chapter 11 Section 2 Classical Greece and Rome

2. Polis
A city-state or independent communities, composed of villages and surrounding farmland.

3. Polis
Greek root word for “politics”
These Polis made up Greece.

4. Aristocracy
Government run by the nobility, or group of powerful landowners.
The nobility ruled the city-states of Greece.

5. Democracy
Government ruled by the people, citizens play an active role.
Developed around 700 B.C., coming from the Greek words demo (people) and kratos (rule).

6. Athens The most famous city-state of ancient Greece.
By 450 B.C. about 225,000 people lived in Athens.

7. Athens Athens was a great seafaring power, it became rich with trade.
Athens had a strong democracy.

8. Sparta Was more inland and did not have a sea for trade.
By 600 B.C. it had conquered and enslaved all the people around it.

9. Sparta
The military and fighting was very important to Spartan culture.
At age seven boys were sent to camps to learn how to fight.
Sparta did not have a democracy and was ruled by nobility.

10. Greek Wars
Darius, the ruler of Persia, decided to invade Greece in 490 B.C.
Greek soldiers defeated Darius and the Persians at Marathon.

11. Greek Wars
Ten years later, Darius’s son Xerxes, again attempted to conquer Greece

12. 300 Battle of Thermopylae thər-MOP-i-lee
Occurred in August or September 480 B.C.
A group of 300 Spartans held against the Persian forces of Xerxes that number by ancient accounts in the millions for 7 days.

14. Greek Wars
Athens and Sparta joined together to defeat the Persians at the sea battle of Salamis.

15. Peloponnesian Wars
By 431 B.C., fearing the growing power of Athens, Sparta launched a series of attacks against the city.
404 B.C. Athens surrendered to Sparta and the age of Greek Democracy died.

16. Phillip II
He attacked the Greek city-states and crushed their combined forces at the Battle of Chaeronea (kehr uh NEE uh) in 338 B.C.

17. Phillip II
336 B.C. he is murdered.

18. Alexander the Great
He was barely 20 years old when his father Phillip II is murdered.
Alexander becomes king and goes on an 11 year conquest of Asia

19. Alexander the Great
Alexander leads a combined Macedonian and Greek force of over 35,000 across Asia.

20. Alexander the Great

21. Alexander the Great

22. Alexander’s End In 326 B.C. Alexander and his army reached India.
His troops had fought enough and they refused to continue

23. Alexander’s End
Alexander died of fever in 323 B.C. during the return to Macedonia. He was 32 years old.

24. Rome’s Location
The city of Rome located on the Tiber River gave it access inland as well as to the sea.
Rome

25. Rome’s Cultural Origins
Rome first settled around 750 B.C.

26. Roman Government
In 509 B.C. the Romans established a republic.

27. Republic A nation in which power is with the citizens.
It was not a true democracy, it was run by representatives elected by Roman noblemen.

28. Roman Society
Society was divided into three different classes:

29. Patricians (puh TRIH shuhns)
The highest class made up of the wealthy.
Claimed they could trace their roots to the founding of Rome.

30. Plebeians (plih BEE uhns)
The middle class, ordinary working citizens.
They had the right to vote but could not hold office.

31. Enslaved Romans
At the bottom of society, they had no rights at all

32. Rome Ever Expanding
By 146 B.C., Rome controlled all of the land around the Mediterranean Sea.

33. Julius Caesar
Famous Roman general who took control of Gaul (present day France), parts of present day England, and Germany.
He then made himself its dictator.

34. Julius Caesar
The Roman Republic collapsed and Caesar was appointed dictator of all of Rome.

35. Dictator
a leader who rules a country with absolute power, usually by force.

36. Caesar’s End Caesar was popular with many but upset many partricians.
March 15, 44 B.C. several senators stabbed Caesar to death outside the senate building.

37. Caesar’s End
Caesar’s great nephew, Ocatvian became Rome’s new dictator
Later changed his name to Caesar Augustus

38. Rome’s Technological innovations
One of Rome’s primary strengths were their technological breakthroughs and accomplishments.

39. Roman Roads
The Romans developed a system of making concrete out of a mix of lime and volcanic ash.

40. Roman Roads
The roads primary purpose was to allow Rome’s armies to move quickly but they also carried goods and ideas along their paths.

41. Roman Roads

42. Aqueducts
A series of tunnels and bridges that transported water to Roman cities.

43. Aqueducts
The aqueducts allowed Romans to settle areas that otherwise could not be settled due to the distance from a water source.

44. Aqueducts

45. Fall of the Roman Empire
In the third century A.D. the Roman Empire was split in two.
With Rome being the seat of power in the west and Constantinople in the east

46. Fall of the Roman Empire
In 476 A.D the western empire fell to invaders from present day Germany
The eastern empire, or Byzantium Empire, lasted another 1,000 years.