1. Athens v. Sparta

2. Greek Political Structure
City-states have different forms of government
Monarchy—rule by a king
Aristocracy—rule by nobility
Oligarchy—rule by small group of powerful merchants and artisans

3. Tyrants Seize Power Rulers and common people clash in many city-states
Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people
They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people

4. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
About 621 BCE, democracy—rule by the people—develops in Athens
Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality of citizens
Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has citizens make laws
Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens

5. Democracy
A form of government in which power is held by the people through direct involvement or elected representatives.
"the power of the people“
EQUALITY & FREEDOM

6. Democracy’s History 510 BCE in Athens, Greece
Greek General Pericles: "It is true that we (Athenians) are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not the few, with equal justice to all alike in their private disputes." 
Only free white males that owned property could participate in government
500 names were drawn from eligible citizens to serve on a council for the city-state. They would serve for one year.
These 500 men were the law makers for the year. All the other citizens would vote on the laws that these men created. (women, children, and slaves were not citizens.)

7. Direct Democracy
This is the type of government established in ancient Greece
Government in which the people participate in debate and voting on legislation rather than having a representative do this for them.
Governing is carried out by the people governed
Requirement: area must be small enough for everyone to gather together to make the decisions.
Could this work in America today? Why or why not?

8. Sparta Builds a Military State
Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military state
Around 725 BCE, Sparta conquers Messenia
Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the land
Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger state
Sparta government has four branches; citizens elect officials
Three social classes: citizens, free noncitizens, helots—slaves

9. Spartan Daily Life
Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom
Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece
Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60
Girls receive some military training and live hardy lives
Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else

10. Persian Wars A New Kind of Army Emerges
• Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaper
• Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes
• Phalanx—feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields
Battle at Marathon
• Persian Wars—between Greece and Persian Empire—begin in Ionia
• Persian army attacks Athens, is defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C.
Pheidippides Brings News
• Runner Pheidippides races to Athens to announce Greek victory
Birth of the marathon (26.2 miles)

11. Thermopylae and Salamis
In 480 BCE, Persians launch new invasion of Greece
Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians
Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating
Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis
Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat
Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians

12. Consequences of the Persian Wars
New self-confidence in Greece due to victory
Athens emerges as leader of Delian League
Athens controls the league by using force against opponents
League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire
Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens