1. The Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes & Humans
Large body size
Large brains
Diurnal
Enhanced color vision
Live in social groups
Primarily fruit eaters
Dry noses
Divided into New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) and the
Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)

2. New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) vs. Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)
Differences are:
Geographical
Anatomical
Behavioral

3. New World Monkeys, Cont. Marmosets and tamarins Most primitive NWM
Very small
Claws
Insectivores/Gum
Use scent marking
Twin births
Monogamous pairs
Highly endangered species

4. New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines)
Characteristics
Found only in southern Mexico, Central America and South America
Widely spaced, outward facing nostrils
Prehensile (grasping) tail
Three premolars (36 teeth total)
Almost exclusively arboreal
Quadrupedal
Capuchin monkeys use tools to crack nuts

5. Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)
Characteristics
Wide geographical distribution
Downward facing nose, closely spaced nostrils
Sexually dimorphic (differences in body/tooth size between males & females)
Two premolars (32 teeth total)
Have “sitting pads” (ischial callosities)
Two main groups: The Cercoptihecines & the Colobines

6. Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)
Cercopithecines = Baboons, Macaques, &
Guenons
Majority found in Africa
Omnivorous
Cheek pouches to store food
Quadrupedal
Baboons most terrestrial
Large, complex social
groups called troops

7. Catarrhine (Old World) Monkeys, Cont.
B. The Colobines = African colobus monkeys and Asian langur monkeys
Leaf-eaters
Sharp cusped molars
Specialized stomach for digesting cellulose
“Banquet feeders” – stay in one place
Arboreal quadrupeds

8. Summary: Differences between NWM & OWM
New World Monkeys
Flat, widely spaced nostrils
Prehensile tails
Three premolars (36 teeth)
Mostly arboreal
Frugivorous
Old World Monkeys
Downward pointing, closely spaced nostrils
Sitting pads
Two premolars (32 teeth)
Omnivorous

9. The Hominoids: Apes & Humans
Larger body size
Do not have tails
Increased brain size & intelligence
Increased social complexity
Possess rotating, suspensory shoulders that allows arm-hanging & arm-swinging (brachiation)

10. The Hylobatidae Family (Lesser Apes)
Gibbons & Siamangs
Inhabit southeastern tropical areas of Asia
Smallest of apes
Entirely arboreal
Move by brachiation
Highly frugivorous
Very vocal & territorial
Monogamous pair with dependent offspring

11. The Pongidae Family (The Great Apes)
Orangutans: The Asian Ape
- Name means “person of the forest”
Found only in Borneo & Sumatra
Fully arboreal
Omnivorous; Use sticks to get termites or honey (Sumatran orangs)
Pronounced sexual dimorphism
Solitary; do not live in social groups
Extremely endangered

12. B. Gorillas Largest of all living primates
Live in forested regions across central & western Africa
Lowland and Mountain gorillas
Marked sexual dimorphism
Males = 400 lbs.; Females = lbs.
Vegetarian

13. B. Gorillas (Continued)
Quadrupedal knuckle-walkers when on ground
Live in social groups
Dominant male silverback is leader
Mountain gorilla population = approximately 600

14. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Found in forests of equatorial
Africa
Live in large, fluid communities
Occupy a territory defended by males
Centered around bonded males
Females emigrate out when they reach sexual maturity
Arboreal & terrestrial
Slight sexual dimorphism

15. C. Chimpanzees (Cont.)
Knuckle-walkers, brachiators, & sometimes bipedal
Omnivorous
Hunt for meat
Make & use tools

16. Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Found only in the Congo
More slender than chimps
More arboreal than chimps
Large, fluid communities
Center around bonded males & bonded females
Can be female dominant
Less aggressive & excitable than chimps

17. D. Bonobos, cont. More prone to bipedality Sexual practices
Sex outside of estrus
Use to form alliances & gain acceptance
Use to restore harmony & relieve tension

18. E. The Hominids: Humans Only living representative of Hominid family
Primate heritage evident in overall anatomy & genetic make up
Teeth similar to that of apes
Vision/sight predominant sense
Flexible limbs, grasping hands
Omnivorous

19. What separates humans from non-human primates?
Humans have culture – used as primary means of adaptation
Humans can produce speech
Sex not confined to female’s most fertile period
Humans are the only true habitual bipedal mammals

20. Primate Family Tree (Phylogeny)
Primates
Anthropoids
Prosimians
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecines & Colobines
Hominoids
Hylobatidae (Lesser Apes)
Pongidae
(Great Apes)