1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Pathways

2. In the last chapter green plants used ________________ to
AUTOTROPHS
___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food
In the last chapter green plants
used ________________ to
trap energy from __________
and make ______________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sunlight
food (glucose)

3. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
in a
process
called
___________________
broken down
energy
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What kind of organisms do this?

4. What kind of organisms do this?
plants
fungi
animals
bacteria
________
(Including _______)
______
______
______
humans
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!

5. How do we get the sugar from the plants?
REMEMBER!
_______________ get
their energy by eating
other organisms.
HETEROTROPHS
We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly
or eating the _________ that ate
the plants.
eating plants
animals
 Image from:

6. CYTOPLASM Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane
Image from:
Area with gel-like material
inside cell membrane
surrounding mitochondria
= ______________________
Power plant of cell
that burns glucose
and stores the energy
as ATP
= _______________
CYTOPLASM
mitochondria

7. MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________ membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ )
Space between inner membrane & outer membrane
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria
DOUBLE
CRISTAE
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
MATRIX

8. All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to
 Image from:
All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to
charge up their _______
energy in food
ATP

9. energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________
This process of releasing the
energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Image by Riedell Image from:

10. slowly in ________________. many steps
CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!
slowly
many steps
light and heat

11. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 C6H12O6
___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________
6 CO2
6 H2O
C6H12O6
6O2
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6
6 CO2
_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________
______________________________________________________________
6O2
6 H2O
The two equations are exact opposites!

12. calorie Calorie 1000 UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY
UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY
Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1◦ Celsius = _______________
Unit for measuring energy in food
= _______________
1 Calorie = _________ calories
calorie
Calorie
1000

13. Remember from Photosynthesis?
High energy electron carrier = ___________
Cellular respiration uses some different carriers to transport high energy electrons.
_______ & ________
NADP+
NAD FAD
________ + _________ → ____________
2 e- + H+
NAD+
________ + _________ → ____________
FAD
2 e- + 2H+

14. The first step in cellular respiration = __________________
Glycolysis happens in
the ________________
outside the mitochondria
GLYCOLYSIS
CYTOPLASM
See glycolysis movie

15. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
BUT it needs some ____________to get it started.
What molecule do you think is going to
supply the energy do this?
sweet
split apart
DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
ENERGY
ATP

16. ____________________ + _______________
GLYCOLYSIS
________ ↓
___________ → → _____________
____________________ + _______________
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVIC ACID
ATP ATP ATP ATP
NADH NADH
4 ATP’s
2 ATP’s
PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________
Net gain of ________ and __________
2 ATP’s NADH

17. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= ANAEROBIC
= AEROBIC

18. PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN WITHOUT
2 kinds of fermentation
___________________ & _____________________
WITHOUT
ANAEROBIC
Alcoholic Lactic acid

19. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
CO2
NAD+
Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
CO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread
Alcohol _______________
during cooking
air spaces
evaporates

20. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
CO2
NAD+
Happens when
___________ make _______ or
____________ make ______
yeast
beer
bacteria
wine

21. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
NAD+
muscles
Happens in _____________ during ____________when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
exercise

22. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
NAD+
Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like:
Yogurt, buttermilk,
sauerkraut, pickles, cheese
sour cream, & kimchi
food
beverages

23. WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.
Eventually glycolysis will
builds up
NAD+
NAD+

24. → → FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________
PYRUVIC ACID
_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
CO2
NAD+
ALCOHOL →
NAD+
LACTIC ACID
______ →
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
REGENERATE the NAD+

25. Plants do ____________ but Flooded Corn Field photosynthesis
By:
plants need ______________________ too. If plant’s seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plant’s roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die.
oxygen for cellular respiration

26. KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT

27. REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis
REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next.
OXYGEN

28. Flowchart Cellular Respiration
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

29. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing
_______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present
KREBS CYCLE

30. REMEMBER:
Glycolysis happens in
the ________________
outside the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle happens in
_____________
inside the mitochondria
CYTOPLASM
MATRIX

31. (also called pyruvate) enters the _________________
PYRUVIC ACID
_______________
(also called pyruvate)
enters the _________________
Pyruvic acid joins
with _______________
to form
________________
MITOCHONDRION
COENZYME A
ACETYL - CoA
Diagram by Riedell

32. Carbon dioxide is released into the ________________
WHERE DO THESE GO?
Carbon dioxide is released into the ________________
High energy electron carriers move into the
____________________
atmosphere
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
(We will come back to this later)

33. Citric Acid Formation:
Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #2)
2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule called _______________ .
citric acid

34. WHERE DO THESE GO?
Coenzyme A goes back to pick up another ________________
Citric acid completes the ____________
Pyruvic acid
KREBS CYCLE

35. KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES ____ 3 1 1 4
Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #3)
KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES
____ 3 1 1 4

36. WHERE DOES IT GO? →
6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere
Carbon dioxide

37. WHERE DO THESE GO?
ATP can be used directly to supply __________ for the cell.
High energy electron carriers move into the
____________________
energy
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN

38. Electron Transport Chain
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

39. WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? ET Glycolysis
KREBS
Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
are located in the
___________________________
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

40. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE
CRISTAE
MATRIX
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

41. Electron Transport Chain Animation-(select start, continue, and #1)
electrons
High-energy _____________ from __________ and __________ are passed along the electron transport chain.
Energy from passing electrons is used to transport _____________________ across the membrane.
NADH FADH2
Hydrogen ions (H+)

42. Electron Transport Chain:
Electron Transport Chain Animation-(select start, continue, and #3)
The pumping of H+ ions into the _______________________ represents potential energy that is harnessed to make ATP.
As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to
form _______
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP

43. Electron Transport Chain:
OXYGEN
________________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.
At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form ______________
water (H2O)

44. Electron Transport Chain Animation-(#1 and #2)
NADH
High-energy electrons from ________ come in at beginning but electrons from _________ come in farther down the chain.
FADH2

45. SO:
NADH → _____
FADH2 → _____
3 ATP’s
2 ATP’s

46. Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Electron Transport Chain
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion

47. CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes:
______________________
_______________________
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

48. GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________
into ________________
Produces
_______ __________
CYTOPLASM
outside mitochondria
1 glucose
2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) 2 2

49. KREBS CYCLE happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________
Produces:
____ ____
____ ____
MATRIX
inside mitochondria
2 pyruvic acid 2 6 8 2

50. ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________
Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions
donated by _______ and _______
Makes ___________
________ acts a final
electron acceptor to produce ________
cristae
inner membrane of mitochondria
NADH FADH2
32 (net) ATP
OXYGEN
H2O

51. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing

52. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(aerobic/ with oxygen):
1 glucose → _______________
FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen):
1 glucose → ________________
36 ATP
2 ATP

53. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Remember !
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Cells burn GLUCOSE
for their energy needs
Images from:

54. EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) SMALL GLYCOLYSIS
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(Short term energy)
Cells normally contain _________
amounts of ATP produced by
_______________ &
__________________________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity)
Once this ATP is used up_____________
fermentation can provide enough ATP
to last about ___________________.
SMALL
GLYCOLYSIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
LACTIC ACID
90 seconds

55. EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy)
Once race is over, _______________
must be broken down using oxygen.
Well __________ athletes burn lactic acid more efficiently.
Lactic acid
trained
Image from:

56. EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
For exercise longer than 90 seconds
_____________________ is the only
way to make enough ATP.
Cellular respiration releases energy
_____________ than fermentation.
Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race.
Cellular respiration
more slowly

57. GLYCOGEN What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all
is used up?
Animal cells store
GLUCOSE as
_____________
to use later.
GLYCOGEN
REMEMBER
Image from:

58. MUSCLES glycogen EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy)
________________ store glucose as ________________ which can be broken down into glucose to supply energy for_______________
of activity.
MUSCLES
glycogen
15-20 minutes

59. That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to break down ________
That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than
20 minutes if you want to
lose weight!
FAT
Image from:

60. ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration
All __________________ (bacteria)
have their electron transport enzymes
attached to their
_____________________
Remember: No membrane bound organelles!
Eukaryotes
mitochondria
Prokaryotes
Cell membranes