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The Chemistry of Life Chapters 2& 3

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1 The Chemistry of Life Chapters 2& 3
KEY CONCEPTS: What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? Phospholipid by RIEDELL

2 4 CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

3 Atomic Number 6 C Atomic Symbol Atomic Mass Carbon 12.001

4 A Carbon Atom The four valance electrons are ready for covalent (share) bonding. e e e 6 P 6N e e e

5 Single, Double, Triple Bonds

6 Carbon typically bonds with…
H Hydrogen N Nitrogen O Oxygen P Phosphorus S Sulfur

7 Short chains Branching molecules Long chains Rings

8 Functional groups of organic compounds:
Hydroxyl group OH Carbonyl group C = O Carboxyl group COOH Phosphate group OPO32- Amino group NH2

9 Differences in functional groups affects function of the compound
A missing H from a functional group creates a new compound. A= estradiol (estrogen) B= testosterone A B

10 These carbon structures can combine to form…
Small molecules or macromolecules (10’s, 100’s, 1000’s of Carbons) So how do we put them together and take them apart?

11 Polymerization-make a molecule
Monomer - one unit or one part Carbohydrate => monosaccharide Lipid => glycerol + fatty acids Protein => amino acid Nucleic acid => nucleotide Polymer- many units or many parts

12 Condensation and Hydrolysis
Hydro- pertains to water. lyse means to break or rupture You are using water to break apart a molecule. Condensation and Dehydration Synthesis mean the same thing. You are removing water to make something more concentrated or dense. Ex: condensed milk Break Apart Put Together

13 A closer look… Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis Animation

14 A closer look… hydrolysis

15 Good test questions Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Can you relate metabolic processes to these new terms. Remember anabolism and catabolism. What about digestion and photosynthesis? Telling Sentence: Hydrolysis is a reaction that occurs during digestion. Tell me more…

16 CARBOHYDRATES: contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Examples: GLUCOSE C6H12O6, Image from:

17 Carbohydrates A single carbohydrate is called a Monosaccharide
Many carbohydrates bonded together is called a Polysaccharide

18 Important MONOSACCHARIDES
C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C6H12O6 2 1 ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O 1

19 ____________________ to make ________________ made of
Monosaccharides can be joined together using ____________________ to make ________________ made of ___________ molecules. dehydration synthesis POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGAR Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005

20 Examples of IMPORTANT POLYSACCHARIDES
___________ STARCH CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN Image from:

21 WHAT DO CARBOHYDRATES DO?
Image from:

22 CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
burn glucose Cells _______________ for their ________ needs energy Images from:

23 _______ cells _____________ as __________.
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY _______ cells _____________ as __________. ANIMAL store glucose glycogen Image from:

24 ________ cells ____________ as _________ PLANT store glucose STARCH
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY PLANT ________ cells ____________ as _________ store glucose STARCH Images from:

25 _____ also use glucose to make ___________
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL _____ also use glucose to make ___________ Cellulose makes plants _______ PLANTS CELLULOSE STURDY Images from:

26 with CELL IDENTIFICATION
CARBOHYDRATES HELP with CELL IDENTIFICATION GLYCOPROTEINS _____________ (proteins with _____ attached) on the surface of cells help cells _____________ sugars recognize “self” More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from:

27 GLYCOPROTEINS are important for:
BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION RECOGNIZING GERMS Images from:

28 Di = two

29 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Disaccharide Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose Polysaccharide Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

30 Polysaccharides Structure Storage Starch Plant energy Glycogen
Animal energy Cellulose Plant cell walls Chitin Insect exoskeleton

31 MACROMOLECULES important to living things!
_____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins

32 PROTEINS contain: ________, _________, _______, and _________ and are built from __________ subunits
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen AMINO ACID Image by: Riedell

33 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

34 Proteins A single protein molecule is called an amino acid (aa)
Many amino acids strung together make a polypeptide

35

36 What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join amino acid subunits to make proteins?
dehydration synthesis

37 WHAT DO PROTEINS DO? Image from:

38 __________________ (SUGARS attached to ________)
GLYCOPROTEINS proteins on the surface of cells help cells ____________ recognize “self” Image from:

39 GLYCOPROTEINS are important for:
BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION RECOGNIZING GERMS Images from:

40 _______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS ARE ___________ _______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________ Proteins Phospholipids main components cell membranes Image from:

41 PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
_______ with ______ to wrap up into ___________ Combine DNA chromosomes  Image from:

42 PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
Image from: PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES __________ ______ chemical _____________ faster ENZYMES help reactions happen

43 Enzymes Enzymes lower the activation energy or the “start-up” energy needed for a reaction to take place. or

44 PROTEINS ____________
Images from: PROTEINS ____________ FIGHT GERMS _____________ are proteins ANTIBODIES ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM

45 PROTEINS help in _________
TRANSPORT Proteins in ________________ help ___________ _________ of cells cell membranes move molecules in and out More about this in Chapters 7 and 11  Image from:

46 PROTEINS help in Transport
HEMOGLOBIN _____________ in ____________ ___________ to all ____ cells red blood cells carries oxygen body More about this in Chapter 11  Image from:

47 PROTEINS help with __________________
MOVEMENT Images from: MUSCLES Body _________, ____________, and __________________ are made of PROTEINS FLAGELLA MITOTIC SPINDLE More about this in Chapters 7 and 10

48 PROTEINS act as ___________
HORMONES Eating food puts GLUCOSE in your bloodstream INSULIN ________________ is a protein hormone that controls blood sugar  Image from:

49 INSULIN store glucose __________ causes cells to ________
Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from:

50 MACROMOLECULES important to living things!
_____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) 4. _____________ Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

51 Lipids are made mainly from __________ and ___________ (very ___________ atoms)
Carbon Hydrogen few oxygen Images:

52 Lipids: Fats or Triglycerides

53 Saturated & Unsaturated
Single Bond Double Bonds Kinked

54 WHAT DO LIPIDS DO? Image from:

55 Lipids have 3 major roles:
1) To store energy 2) To form biological membranes 3) Chemical messengers

56 Functions of Lipids Long term energy storage Insulation Coating Cushion Cell membrane

57 Lipids examples of Lipids
Lard Butter Oil Waxes Steroids

58 ___________________ (3 lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS ___________________ (3 lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head) ________ _________ Polar head Non-polar tails Arrow:

59 Lipids: Phospholipids

60

61 PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS
join with PROTEINS to _______________________ make cell membranes Image from:

62 LIPIDS can be used to _________ ________
store energy long term Image from:

63 LIPIDS __________ INSULATE LIPIDS form __________ (insulation
on ______ cells) myelin nerve

64 LIPIDS insulate Help __________ ___________ (helps with ___________)
maintain body heat homeostasis

65 STEROIDS ___________ like
LIPIDS can be _____________ HORMONES STEROIDS ___________ like _____________, ___________, and _____________are steroid hormones involved in _____________ TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE reproduction

66 Steroids: Four fused rings
Anti-inflammatory Sex hormone Used to stabilize cell membranes Needed to absorb Ca

67 Steroids What are steroids used for?
To build muscle mass (androdiol- precursor to testosterone) Anti-inflammatory Sex hormones: Testosterone & Estrogen Cortical (anti-inflammatory) vs. Androgenic (muscle mass) animation of anabolic steroids

68 Waxes Ear wax Waxy layer on fruits and vegetables
Used as a protective coating to keep out bacteria, microorganisms, etc.

69 MACROMOLECULES important to living things!
_____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

70 NUCLEIC ACIDS contain: _______, _________, _______, ___________ and ________
are built from ___________ subunits CARBON NUCLEOTIDE HYDROGEN OXYGEN PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN Image by: Riedell

71

72 NUCLEOTIDES sugar Changing the _______ &
Image by: Riedell sugar Changing the _______ & and ____________ produces ___________nucleotide subunits nitrogen base different Arrow:

73 NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE
Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE ________ (____) RIBOSE DNA RNA Sugars: Arrow:

74 5 NITROGEN BASES URACIL _____________ = A _____________ = G
ADENINE _____________ = A _____________ = G _____________ = C _____________ = T (only in DNA) _____________ = U (only in RNA) GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL

75 DNA MAKING _____ USES: uracil DEOXYRIBOSE These Nitrogen bases:
_____________ NO __________ Image by: Riedell A, T, C, or G uracil SUGAR = _______________ DEOXYRIBOSE Sugars:

76 Making _____ uses” thymine RIBOSE RNA These Nitrogen bases
_____________ NO __________ Image by: Riedell A, U, C, or G thymine SUGAR = __________ RIBOSE Sugars:

77 dehydration synthesis
What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join nucleotide subunits to make nucleic acids? dehydration synthesis

78 DNA= __________________
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA= __________________ ______________ STRANDED SUBUNITS: A, T, G, C (No U) DOUBLE Image from:

79 DNA molecule forms a HELIX or “twisted ladder”
ADENINE THYMINE __________ bonds _________ with _________ bonds __________ CYTOSINE GUANINE Image from:

80 RNA= ________________
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS Ribonucleic acid RNA= ________________ _________STRANDED Subunits: A, U, G, C (NO T) SINGLE Image from:

81 WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO?
Image from:

82 ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to _______________________
Store and transport ENERGY Image by: Riedell ATP RIBOSE Sugar =_____________ Nitrogen base =__________ +___ PHOSPHATE groups RIBOSE ADENINE 3 More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12

83 DNA _______ Stores _________ genetic __________ information in cells
 Image from: DNA _______ _________ __________ in cells Stores genetic information More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14

84 RNA _______________________ __________ out ________
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved RNA _______________________ __________ out ________ Helps with _________________ CARRIES INFORMATION from DNA to cell PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

85 Concept Map Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 include that consist of
which contain which contain which contain which contain

86 Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

87 What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things
What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Give an example of each. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. What are lipids? How are they important to living things? Describe th structure of a protein/ What is an enzyme? What is its function in living things? Describe the structure and function of nucleic acids. What are two important nucleic acids? QU I Z

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