1. Mine Warfare

2. Mine Warfare Different than other weapons systems
Target comes to the weapon
Weapons system activated (planted)
without a specific target detected.
Don’t have to be there for it to work.
Can be crude and still be VERY effective
Requires advanced planning
Mines are different than the weapons systems we have talked about previously.
1. Target comes to the weapons system. Launch platform plant mines and leaves. The mines wait for the target to come within weapons range.
2. It is an ambush type of attack. You plant the weapon’s system and it is activated by the presence a target. Attack could come months or years after the weapons system is planted.
3. A mine does not have to be very sophisticated to work. In fact it can be crude by modern weapon’s standards and still work effectively.
4. In reality, the mine is very much like a terrorist weapon in that it is a political weapon. The fear that the weapon is there is often as effective as the weapon itself. If a choke point is thought to be mined it will disrupt shipping without having to have been activated.
5. There is normally no warning of an attack from mines. Like other weapons you have warnings such as radar returns, seeker radar activation, detect the launch of the weapon or the launch platform.

3. History of Mine Warfare
Revolutionary War
Powder keg covered in tar with flintlock firing device
Civil War
Large scale mining of land and sea
World War II
23,000 mines laid sinking or damaging 1,075 Japanese ships
Vietnam War
Extensive mining of inland waterways
Wine warfare is one of the oldest naval weapons systems
Cover Graphic.
Add:
a. Since the beginning of the cold war the US lost interest in mine warfare.
b. Operations in the Persian Gulf illustrated that mines are still an effective
weapons system and we need the capability to lay mines and clear
minefields rapidly
c. Recently damage from mines are: USS Samuel B. Roberts, Princeton
and Tripoli.
- 14 April 1998, USS Samuel B. Roberts(FFG-58) hit a mine planted
by Iran just east of Bahrain. Blew gas turbine engines off mounts,
sent a fireball 150 ft in the air, ignited fires and put a 21 ft hole in hull
flooding two compartments. Keel was broken, took heroic effort to
keep from sinking. $96 million to repair.
- Mine used was an old mine and was previously considered obsolete.
d. Gulf war made it clear that U.S. needed to rethink mine warfare and
counter warfare capability. Mines can easily stop an amphibious
landing.

4. US vs Mines
Of the 18 US Navy ships that have suffered battle damage in the last 50 years, 78 per cent was as a result of mines

5. History of Mine Warfare
The U.S. had considerably reduced the use of mines since the end of the cold war
Recent Events
USS Samuel B. Roberts
USS Princeton
USS Tripoli
Operation Desert Storm
The need for a rapid clearing of shallow water minefields were required in preparation for an amphibious assault.

6. U.S. vs. MINES
What It Takes To Go”Anytime, Anywhere” by Rear Adm. Horne, Proceedings, Jan 1998

7. USS Tripoli (LPH-11)

8. “Bad Day at Sea”

9. USS Samuel B. Roberts

10. Not just ships……

11. The Mission Of Mine Warfare
Detect and Avoid or Eliminate mine threat (Mine Countermeasures (MCM))
“Mining is also a force multiplier in today’s and tomorrow’s conflict scenarios....”
Mission of mine warfare focuses primarily of defensive measures, or mine countermeasures.
However, the Navy DOES have mines in its inventory, and mining IS part of our strategy.
Quote is from page 93 of 1997 edition. This is also a good reference to discuss current developments in mines and MCM’s.
- Force 2001

12. Classification of Mines
By method of delivery
Air-delivered mines
Surface-delivered mines
Submarine-delivered mines
By position in the water after delivery
Moored mines
Bottom mines
Drifting mines
Discuss graphic.
Add: The US does not use drifting mines.
Drifting mines are the mines you heard about in Gulf war.
- seen picture of sailors detonating with rifles
With drift mines you don’t have to go into an area to plant.

13. Classification of Mines
By method of activation
Contact Mines
Influence Mines
Magnetic
Acoustic
Pressure
Combination
1. Third method of categorizing mines is by method of activation.
2. Go over graphic.
3. Add:
a. Contact mines are usually moored mines
b. Influence mines are usually bottom mines.
4. Influence mines can be set so they are somewhat selective.
- has to be a large ship. (pressure setting)
- has to be a military vessels (different acoustic sounds)

14. Typical Moored Mine Arming Device Magnetometer Anchor Explosive
Moored mines normally planted in deeper water.
Examples include:
a. Mk-56 Dropped by aircraft targeted against submarines
- Magnetic fusing
b. Mk-57
- Planted by submarines
- Targeted against advanced (second generation Soviet subs)
- Magnetic fusing
Anchor
Explosive
Section
Firing System
Components
Mechanism
Section

15. Typical Bottom Mine Tail Fin Nose Fairing Search Coil Arming Device
Release
Mechanism
Typical Bottom Mines include
a. Destructor series (Mk-36, Mk-40, Mk-41)
- Shallow water, targeted against surface ships
- Dropped from aircraft
- Modified 2,000 & 4,000 lb bombs
Parachute
Pack
Explosive
Charge
Firing System
Components
Spoiler

16. U.S. Mines Quickstrike Mk 60 Captor (rising, deep ocean) Mk 67 SLMM
based on 500 lb or 2000 lb bombs
kits stored to convert bombs to mines
Mk 60 Captor (rising, deep ocean)
Mk 67 SLMM

17. CAPTOR Mine (MK 60) * Delivered by air or subs
* Deep-Water Moored Mine
* Rising Mine
* Targeted Against Submarines
* Delivered by air or subs
* Releases a torpedo after
it detects a sub.
Two types of mines are different than conventional mines. They are the Captor and SLMM.
1. Captor type mine is principle mine used against submarines.
2. Different type of mine in that the mine doesn’t explode but launches a
torpedo.
3. CAPTOR is from enCAPsulated TORpedo mine
a. Normally laid in deep water by air or submarine.
b. Acoustically detects subs while ignoring surface ships.
- passive detection and identification as submarine then goes active.
c. Releases a MK 46 torpedo (same torpedo as dropped from aircraft)

18. Mk 60 CAPTOR Mine Mk-60 CAPTOR Mine
The Mk -60 CAPTOR is the US Navy's only deep water mine. The MK-60 CAPTOR, one of the Navy's primary anti-submarine weapons, is actually a deepwater moored torpedo launcher. It is a sophisticated anti-submarine warfare (ASW) moored mine which is designed to detect and classify submarines and release a modified Torpedo Mk 46 to acquire and attack submerged targets only.
This deep water mine, designed to be laid by aircraft or submarine, is anchored to the ocean floor. The mine utilizes an influence firing device and is able to classify passing submarines. Its acoustic detection system is designed to seek hostile submarines, ignoring surface craft and friendly submarine acoustic signatures. The weapon lies dormant until a target is detected, at which time the torpedo swims out of its capsule to attack and destroy its target. As in other mines, the Mk 60 incorporates an arming-delay.
Mk-60 Captor MinePrimary Function:Air and ship-launched lightweight torpedo to destroy enemy shipping
Power Plant:Two-speed, reciprocating external combustion;Mono-propellant (Otto fuel II) fueled
Length: in. tube launch configuration (from ship) 145 inches (368 centimeters) - Aircraft / Ship laid 132 inches (335 centimeters) Submarine laid
Diameter:12.75 inches 21 inches (53 centimeters) Aircraft / Ship laid 21 inches (53 centimeters) Submarine laid
Weight: lbs (warship configuration) 370 pounds (1077 kilograms) Air / Ship laid 2056 pounds (935 kilograms) Submarine laid
Range:8,000 yards
Depth:Greater than 1,200 ft ( meters) Officially: "Up to 3000 feet (914 meters)"
Speed:Greater than 28 knots (32.2 mph, kph)
Detection System:Reliable acoustic path (RAP) sound propagation
Guidance System:Homing mode - Active or passive/active acoustic homing Launch/search mode - Snake or circle search
Warhead:98 lbs. of PBXN-103 high explosive (bulk charge)
Date Deployed:1979

19. Submarine-Launched Mobile Mine
* Shallow-water bottom mine
* Against Surface ships
* Submarine Delivered
* Self propelled
USED IN SHALLOW WATER!
Submarine-Launch Mobile Mine (SLMM) [Slim]
SLMM is different in that it is the only US mine that is self propelled.
a. Shallow water bottom mine targeted against surface ships. Gets into
places inaccessible to other means of laying mines.
b. Delivered by submarines
c. Electrically propelled to a range about 17,000 yds.
d. Can be wire guided.
e. Magnetic/seismic/pressure sensors.
d. Became operational in 1983.
The Mk 67 is the only mine in the US Navy stockpile that can be clandestinely delivered from long standoff ranges. The 1950's technology in SLMM is approaching obsolescence. An Improved SLMM program has been proposed to replace the Mk 67 by converting Mk 48 torpedoes into dual warhead mobile mines.
Specifications
Weight 1,765 pounds / 1658 pounds (754 kilograms)
Length 13' 4" / 161 inches (409 centimeters)
Width 1' 9" / 19 inches (48.5 centimeters)
Detection SystemMagnetic/seismic or Magnetic/seismic/pressure target detection devices (TDDs).
Depth RangeUp to 600 feet (183 meters)
Explosives330 pounds (150 kilograms) of high explosive
Date Deployed1983

20. SLMM

21. Improved SLMM

22. Minefield Planning Objectives
Environmental Consideration
Geographic location
Water depth
Currents
Bottom type and slope
Prevailing sea state
Type of Minefield
Offensive
Defensive
Protective
To effectively use mines requires detailed planning before planting the mines.
First step is determine the type of mine that is needed. To determine that many factors go into the decision.
a. The purpose of the mines - Offensive Defensive or Protective
b. The purpose usually dictates where the mines are placed, provides
input on the type of mine and how many are needed.
c. Where mines are to be placed determines the type of environment the
mines will be in. This location adds to the section of mines
d. Go over Environmental conditions from graphic
Discuss:
How bottom type and slope effect mines.
Don’t want mines breaking loose and drifting into
undesired areas.
What type of Mine do I use?

23. Delivering the Mines How Do I Plant the Mines? Delivery Considerations
Type of Minefield
How many mines needed
Is the area defended
What type of mines needed
How accurate the placement
Platforms Available
Aircraft (P-3 & S-3)
Surface ships
Submarine (Attack)
Go over the Delivery Considerations
Platforms:
1. Aircraft
a. Most suitable for delivery of offensive mines.
b. Can be planted rapidly.
c. Accuracy not highest priority.
d. P-3 and S-3 can lay mines.
2. Surface Ship
a. Traditionally used for laying defensive or protective minefields.
b. Just pushed over the stern.
c. U.S. no longer uses surface ships to plant mines.
3. Submarines
a. For laying mines covertly.
b. For laying mines in well-defended areas.
c. Attack boats are configured to lay mines (shot through torpedo tubes)
How Do I Plant the Mines?

24. Mine Countermeasures (MCM)
Self-Protection
Silencing (protection from acoustic mines)
Degaussing (protection from magnetic mines)
Steaming slowly (protection from pressure mines)
Clearing/Removing Mines
Mine sweeping
Cut cables then activate to destroy (moored mines)
Use acoustic/magnetic noisemakers to activate
Mine hunting
Search and neutralize individual mines
Use sonar then investigate every possible target.
To counter the threat of mines:
a. To protect from acoustic mines make the ship run quiet
b. To protect from magnetic mines, minimize the ship’s magnetic field
- Periodically wrap ship in wires and neutralize the magnetic field.
- Process known as degaussing. Must measure ship’s magnetic
signature periodically and monitor it.
c. To protect from pressure or seismic activated mines, steam slowly.
Can remove mines. To do this involves finding the mines and destroying them
by detonating them safely.
a. Mine Sweeping is done to neutralize a large area.
b. Sweeping for moored mines involves cutting the mooring cable and
letting mines float to the surface where they are destroyed.
c. Acoustic and Magnetic mines are detonated by dragging noisemakers
through the water which causes the mines to detonate.
Mine hunting is way to find mines. Usually done with sonar, then sent individually to investigate any possible target. Could be a refrigerator or other junk
Add: U.S. has detailed bottom survey of harbors so if suspected they are mined and easily identify new objects.

25. Mine Hunting Techniques
VHF Active Sonar
Divers
UUV

26. Navy Seals, & Sea Lions

27. Navy Whales & Dolphins

28. Mine sweepers MCM- Avenger Class Ocean going
Fiberglass-wood construction
General Characteristics, Avenger class Builders: Peterson Shipbuilders, Sturgeon Bay, Wis.; Marinette Marine, Marinette, Wis. Power Plant: Four diesels (600 horsepower each), two shafts with controllable pitch propellers Length: 224 feet (68.28 meters) Beam: 39 feet (11.89 meters) Displacement: 1,312 tons (1,180.8 metric tons) full load Speed: 14 knots (16.1 mph, kmph)

29. Mine sweepers MHC- Osprey Class Coastal (low endurance)
Glass Reinforced Plastic construction
Video and Sonar Detection
USS PELICAN (MHC 53)
Characteristics   Displacement                  895 Metric Tons   Length                             188 Feet   Beam                               36 Feet   Maximum Speed            In excess of 10 knots   Propulsion                       2 a- magnetic, 800 hp diesel engines                                           2 Voith-Schneinder Cyclodial Propellers   Combat Systems            AN/SLQ-48 Mine Neutralization System                                           AN/SQQ-32 Mine Hunting Sonar                                           AN/SYQ-13 Navigation, Command and Control   Complement                   officers, 46 enlisted

30. Mine sweepers MCS - Inchon former Amphib Assault Ship 8 helicopters
support for MHC’s
C4I capabilities
General Characteristics, Inchon Class
Builders: Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Miss. Power Plant: 600-pound steam plant, one shaft, 22,000 shaft horsepower Length: 602 feet (183.5 meters) Beam: 84 feet (25.6 meters) Displacement: 19,600 tons (19, metric tons) full load Speed: 21 knots (24 miles per hour) Aircraft: Two UH-46D Sea Knight helicopters and eight MH-53E Sea Stallion helicopters. Ship: USS Inchon (MCS 12), Ingleside, Tex. Crew: 122 officers; 1,321 enlisted Armament: Four .50 caliber machine guns; four 25mm MK 38 machine guns; two Phalanx CIWS; Stingers.

31. Mine sweepers MH-53E Sea Stallion drags sled
clears magnetic and acoustic mines
MH-53E Sea Dragon
Description: The MH-53E is used primarily for Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM), with a secondary mission of shipboard delivery.
Background: The MH-53E was derived from the CH-53E Super Stallion and is heavier and has a greater fuel capacity than its ancestor. The MH-53s can operate from carriers and other warships. Sea Dragon is capable of carrying up to 55 troops or a 16-ton payload 50 nautical miles or a 10-ton payload 500 nautical miles. The MH-53E is capable of towing a variety of mine-sweeping countermeasures systems, including the Mk 105 minesweeping sled, the AQS-14 side-scan sonar, and the Mk 103 mechanical minesweeping system.
Point of Contact: Navy: Commander Naval Air Systems Command Office of Public Affairs Liljencrantz Road Patuxent River, MD (301)
General Characteristics
Contractor: Sikorsky Aircraft Division of United Technologies Corp. Propulsion: Three General Electric T64-GE-416 turboshaft engines (4,380 shaft horsepower each) Length: Fuselage: 73 feet 4 inches (22.34 meters)
Overall: 99 feet (30.18 meters) Height: 28 feet 4 inches (8.63 meters) Weight: 21 tons (max gross) (18.9 metric tons) Main Rotor Diameter: 72 feet 3 inches (21.7 meters) Range: 1,120 nautical miles (1,289 statute miles, 1802 km) Ceiling: 27,900 feet Speed: 150 knots (172 miles per hour, 241 km per hour) Crew: Two pilots, one to six aircrewman, depending on mission Armament: None Date deployed: 1983; replaced last of CH-53E in 1994

32. Built in Mine Hunter
What It Takes To Go”Anytime, Anywhere” by Rear Adm. Horne, Proceedings, Jan 1998

33. Questions???