1. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
Potential and Costs
for Controlling
Particulate Matter
in Europe

2. Approach to PM Assessment
Health impact theories still controversial (PM mass, size, number, carbonaceous, etc.)
Integrated assessment for all impact theories (as far as possible) to determine set of robust measures
First step: PM mass, distinguish PM size classes
Future work: other PM properties (carbonaceous, metals, alkaline, etc.)

3. Methodology Emission factors for TSP first
mass balance approach for stationary combustion sources
reported factors for the mobile and other sources
PM10 and PM2.5 fractions for uncontrolled emissions
Uncontrolled emission factors for fine / coarse / PM>10
Size-specific emission removal efficiencies

4. Initial Projections of Primary PM
EU-15
Non-EU

5. PM10 emissions by source sector [kilotons]

6. PM2.5 emissions by source sector [kilotons]

7. PM control options considered in RAINS
Stationary Sources:
Cyclones
Fabric filters
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
1 field
2/3 fields
3+ fields
Improved combustion techniques for small sources
Mobile Sources:
EURO-II
EURO-III
EURO-IV
EURO-V

8. Control potential for primary PM emissions

9. PM emission control costs (Billion Euro/year)

10. Major open issues Emissions from wood burning Re-suspension Road Rail
Material handling
Waste treatment & disposal, solvents
Verification with national experts

11. On the Internet Free access to PM module National databases
Emission calculations and projections
Cost calculations and cost curves