1. Do Now:
In full sentences on your index card; list three (3) differences between 9th and 12th graders.

2. How would you prove it!

3. Objective: How is Experimentation Used in Psychology?
DO NOW:
Write Down Objective (Focus) in your notes.
Objective: How is Experimentation Used in Psychology?
Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior. In the past, psychological experimentation has been controversial due to unethical experiments. It is now strictly regulated by the American Psychological Association (APA).

4. We are going to play a short game.
Is everyone ready to play? If so raise your hand.
Is everyone comfortable?
Turn your index card over and put your answers on there

5. People who are relaxed have better memories.
Hypothesis
People who are relaxed have better memories.

6. Look at the list of words below for one minute
Look at the list of words below for one minute. Memorize as many words as you can in this amount of time. 
Nine
Swap
Cell
Ring
Rust
Plugs
Lamp
Apple
Table
Sway
Army
Bank
Fire
Hold
Worm
Clock
Horse
Color
Baby
Sword
Desk
Find
Bird
Rock
Good Job! (a little positive reinforcement ), now same thing with these.
Horse
Cat
Dog
Fish
Bird
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Green
Black
Table
Chair
Desk
Bookcase
Bed
Teacher
School
Student
Homework
Class
Apple
Banana
Kiwi
Grape
Mango

7. Are there any problems with our experiment?

8. Who got 7 or more the first time. Who got at least 5. Who got less
Who got 7 or more the first time? Who got at least 5? Who got less? Who got more the second time?
Experimental Psychologist George A. Miller says the typical storage capacity for short-term memory is seven to five items.
However, strategies such as chunking can significantly based on category, can increase memorization and recall and people remember more words.
Please sign your index card and hand up your answers and put them in the box so I can lock them up.

9. The American Psychological Association 1992
What are Ethics?
The American Psychological Association 1992
In dealing with human subjects, psychologists follow a code of ethical principles published by the A.P.A.
obtain informed consent from all subjects
protect subjects from harm and discomfort
treat all experimental data confidentially
explain the experiment and the results to the subjects afterward
Prior to 1970 – this wasn’t always followed.

10. How do we use the Scientific Method in Psychological Research?
Hypothesis:
Statement of expected results
Subjects chosen
Subjects divided up
Experimental Group
(get the experiment)
Control Group
(do not get the experiment)
Variables: Factors that change in an experiment

11. How to tell the difference between variables
Independent Variable IF
A request is made by a person in a uniform
Dependent Variable
THEN
More people will reply to this request

12. What is the experimental group?
Group on which critical part of experiment is performed
This group gets the real sleeping pills

13. What is the Control Group?
Subjects who are just like the experimental group except will not participate in the study
This group will receive a placebo
A Placebo is a medicine that has no active ingredients and works by power of suggestion

14. What is a Control? Experimental Subjects removed
Examples: Subject with cold, on medication, etc.
Something that could skew results
Experimental Subjects removed

15. (The variable the experimenter changes)
Do Sleeping Pills Work?
Dependent Variable
What results from the experimenter manipulating the independent variable
Ex. Better sleep, less sleep, etc.
Subjects
Two groups of people in similar health, same age, similar sleep issues
Control
Removal of factors that may prove hypothesis – but would alter results.
Older people, people with colds, on other medication, etc.
Independent Variable
(The variable the experimenter changes)
Experimenter gives one group real sleeping pills and one group placebos
Hypothesis
2 of my newly developed sleeping pills will help people with insomnia

16. What is a double-blind study?
Patient’s expectations
Wondering which group gets real drug
Subject
Researcher interprets results
Knowing who got the real drug can impact objectivity
Researcher
Patient doesn’t know
Researcher doesn’t know
Accurate Results

17. Reading:
Stanley Milgram Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment
Are researchers responsible for their subjects – even if they volunteer for an experiment?

18. Wrap Up
1. What is a hypothesis?

19. 2. What part of an experiment is the Independent Variable?

20. 3. What part of the experiment is the Dependent Variable?

21. 4. What is the experimental group?

22. 5. What is a control group?

23. 6. When would you use a control?

24. 7. What is a placebo and what is its purpose?

25. 8. What are some ethics psychologists must follow in experimentation?

26. What types of Research Studies are Used in Psychology?
Objective: There are a variety of ways to conduct psychological experiments. Some are good for one thing, but not for another. There are always pros/cons to each type.
Certain types of studies are: Case Studies, Longitudinal Studies, Cross Sectional Studies, Naturalistic Observation, Lab Studies, Field Studies. There will often be common pitfalls to each type.
Write down in notes as focus.

27. Description
Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation

28. Description
Survey
technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people
usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people
Random Sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Population
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

29. But be careful… False Consensus Effect
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Hindsight Bias - ls known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.
Overconfidence - When you are overconfident, you misjudge your value, opinion, beliefs or abilities and you have more confidence than you should given the objective parameters of the situation.

30. Description Case Study
Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all
Is language uniquely human?

31. Description

32. Description
If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them

33. Description Naturalistic Observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

34. (positive or negative)
Correlation
Correlation Coefficient
a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other
Indicates direction
of relationship
(positive or negative)
Correlation
coefficient
r = +.37
Indicates strength
of relationship
(0.00 to 1.00)

35. Correlation Scatterplot
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables
the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship
the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation
little scatter indicates high correlation
also called a scattergram or scatter diagram

36. Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlations
Perfect positive
correlation (+1.00)
No relationship (0.00)
Perfect negative
correlation (-1.00)
Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlations

37. Height and Temperament of 20 Men
Correlation
Height and Temperament of 20 Men 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 80 63 61 79 74 69 62 75 77 60 64 76 71 66 73 70 68 90 42 81 39 48 72 57 30 84
Subject
Height in
Inches
Temperament

38. Scatterplot of Height and Temperament
Correlation 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25
Temperament
scores
Height in inches
Scatterplot of Height and Temperament

39. Correlation Three Possible Cause-Effect Relationships or or
could cause
(1)
Low self-esteem
Depression or
(2)
Depression
could cause
Low self-esteem or
Low self-esteem
(3)
Distressing events
or biological
predisposition
could cause
and
Depression

40. Illusory Correlation Illusory Correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists
Conceive
Do not conceive
Adopt
Do not
adopt
disconfirming
evidence
confirming

41. Two Random Sequences
Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.

42. Cross Sectional Studies
Random sample of population
May not truly measure generational issues
Pro
Con
Case Study
Detailed information
Very detailed, no comparisons

43. Survey
Quick way to gather a lot of information
Questions can be misunderstood
Pro
Con
Interview
One on one information
Subject can be less than truthful – interpretation issues

44. Pro Con Field Setting More realistic than Lab setting
Lab Experiment
Research completely objective
Artificial Setting
Pro
Con
Field Setting
More realistic than Lab setting
Difficult to control variables

45. Naturalistic Observation
Observe in natural environment
No subject feedback
Pro
Con
Longitudinal Study
Gathers information over a subject’s life
Expensive to undertake and keep track of subjects

46. Statistical Reasoning
Our Brand Brand Brand
Brand X Y Z
100% 99 98 97 96 95
Percentage
still functioning
after 10 years
Brand of truck

47. Statistical Reasoning
Our Brand Brand Brand
Brand X Y Z
100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage
still functioning
after 10 years
Brand of truck

48. Statistical Reasoning
Mode
the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
Mean
the arithmetic average of a distribution
obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
Median
the middle score in a distribution
half the scores are above it and half are below it

49. Statistical Reasoning
A Skewed Distribution 90
475
710 70
Mode Median Mean
One Family
Income per family in thousands of dollars

50. Statistical Reasoning
Range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Standard Deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean
Statistical Significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

51. Ethics in Research

52. Do Now:
Has anyone ever asked you to participate in a research study? Answer survey questions? (Phone, mall, school, online, etc.) What was it about?

53. Experiments: Harlow’s Monkeys
In subsequent experiments, Harlow’s monkeys proved that “better late than never” was not a slogan applicable to attachment. When Harlow placed his subjects in total isolation for the first eights months of life, denying them contact with other infants or with either type of surrogate mother, they were permanently damaged. Harlow and his colleagues repeated these experiments, subjecting infant monkeys to varied periods of motherlessness. They concluded that the impact of early maternal deprivation could be reversed in monkeys only if it had lasted less than 90 days, and estimated that the equivalent for humans was six months. After these critical periods, no amount of exposure to mothers or peers could alter the monkeys’ abnormal behaviors and make up for the emotional damage that had already occurred.

54. Reading: Little Albert Experiment
Whatever happened to Little Albert?

55. Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology
Why do psychologists study animals?
Is it ethical to experiment on animals?
Is it ethical to experiment on people?
Stanford Prison Experiment
Long clip
Milgram Experiment
“To Russia with Love” (RAD)

56. Wrap Up
1. What was the Stanley Milgram Study? 2. What was the major outcome? 3. What was the most common answer subjects gave for “following authority”? 4. Why didn’t the Stanford Prison subjects leave the experiment? 5. What happens to Harlow’s monkeys as time goes on? 6. How can this be compared to R.A.D.? 7. Years after these experiments – incidents still occur. Like what?

57. What bothers you the most about high school. What is it
What bothers you the most about high school? What is it? How would you prove it? How would you find out if it bothers others? How would you find out WHY it’s done?

58. Which method of research would best yield the most accurate data for your question?

59. Summary Scientific Method is used in Psychology experiments
Hypothesis: statement of expected results. Can be proved or disproved through observation and experimentation
Experimental Group: Group participating in experiment
the subject nor researcher knowing who has the placebo – removes expectations that can skew results
Control Group: Group not participating in the experiment
Ethics: Guidelines for Psychological Experiments – results must outweigh risks.
Control: removal of subjects that could skew results
There are many types of psychological studies – each has their pros and cons.
Variables: factors introduced or resulting from experiment
Types: Field Studies, Lab Experiments, Naturalistic Observation, Case Studies, Surveys, Longitudinal and Cross Sectional Studies, and Interviews.
Independent Variable: Variable controlled by Researcher
Dependent Variable: Result of Experiment
Placebo: medicine with no active ingredients – works by power of suggestion
Classical Conditioning: is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
Double Blind Study: Experiment with neither