1. Classification of Matter
Composition of Matter

2. 10.1 The Nature of Matter
Matter is a term used to describe anything that has mass and takes up space.
Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus proposed that matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.
Atoms were an idea that few believed.
The first evidence was called Brownian motion for Robert Brown, who first noticed the jerky motion of tiny particles.

3. 10.1 Atoms
A single atom is the smallest particle that retains the chemical identity of the element.

4. Pure Substances
Matter is classified as substances or a mixture of substances.
A pure substance, type of matter with a fixed composition that cannot be separated by physical means.
A substance can be either an element or a compound.

5. Pure Substances Element
matter composed of identical atoms (same identity)
EX: copper, gold, lead

6. Elements About 90 elements are found on Earth.
More than 20 others have been made in laboratories, but most of these are unstable and exist only for short periods of time.
More on that later…

7. Compounds
Can you imagine yourself putting something made from a slivery metal and a greenish-yellow, poisonous gas on your food?

8. Compounds
Table salt is a chemical compound that fits this description.
Even though it looks like white crystals and adds flavor to food, its components—sodium and chlorine—are neither white nor salty.

9. Compound Atoms of two or more elements combined
properties differ from those of individual elements
EX: salt (NaCl), water, chalk

10. Mixtures
A mixture, such as the pizza or soft drink shown, is a material made up of two or more substances that can be easily separated by physical means.

11. Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances that can be separated by physical means

12. Homogeneous Mixture (Solution)
even distribution of components
very small particles
particles never settle
EX: saline solution, fresh pickle juice,
vinegar, soda

13. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Unlike compounds, mixtures do not always contain the same proportions of the substances that make them up.
A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily is called a heterogeneous mixture.

14. Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixture
uneven distribution of components- mixture in which different materials can be easily distinguished
colloids and suspensions
EX: granite, permanent press fabric

15. Solution
Solution – homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot even be seen with a microscope and will never settle to the bottom of their container
Ex. Vinegar, soda, hydrogen peroxide

16. Colloids
A Colloid is a type of mixture with particles that are larger than those in solutions but not heavy enough to settle out.
Ex. Milk (water & fat)

17. Mixtures
Colloid
Detecting colloids is sometimes difficult so shining a beam of light at colloid will make the light scatter – this scattering of light by a colloid is called the Tyndall effect.

18. Tyndall Effect A light beam is Scattered by the Colloid suspension
On the left, but Passes invisibly
Through the solution
On the right.

19. Mixtures
Suspension
Heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle
EX: Italian salad dressing (oil, vinegar, and spices), a river delta, pond
Hint: if it needs shaking to mix, then it’s a suspension

20. Suspensions
The table summarizes the properties of different types of mixtures.

21. Can it be separated by physical means?
Matter Flowchart
MATTER
Yes No
Can it be separated by physical means?
MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCE
Is the composition uniform? No
Yes
Can it be decomposed by chemical means? No
Yes
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element

23. States of Matter Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space
Kinetic theory – explains how particles in matter behave
All matter is composed of particles
Particles are in constant, random motion
Particles collide with each other and walls of their container

24. States of Matter State Characteristics Particles Solid
Definite shape and definite volume
Closely packed in geometric arrangement
Liquid
Indefinite shape and definite volume
Have more space and slide past each other
Gas
Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
Have energy to spread out evenly in the container
Plasma
High temperature gas
Positively and negatively charged

25. The state of a sample of matter depends on temperature.
Temperature – related to the average kinetic energy of an object’s atoms and molecules.
Thermal expansion – increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increases and contracts when cooled
**exception to the rule: water – when cooled it expands