1. 15
The Urinary System

2. *** This PPt is due on Wed and Thurs *** IV. Characteristics of Urine
A. *Normal amount produced in 24 hr =
B. *Color range:
*How is urine color affected by concentration
How is the amount of water one drinks affect the concentration and color of urine:
C. *pH =
D. Specific Gravity = Weight as compared to pure water:

3. Characteristics of Urine …
E. Solutes in Urine:
1. Ions: Sodium and potassium ions
2. Nitrogen-containing substances: Urea, uric acid, creatinine, Ammonia
F. *Substances Not in Urine: Bile, and ?
G. Kidney Disorders: What abnormal substances in the urine indicates
Kidney Failure
Hemodialysis

4. Abnormal Urine Constituents
KNOW
Substance
Name of Condition
Possible Causes
Glucose
Glucosuria
Excess sugary intake; diabetes mellitus
Proteins
Proteinuria
Physical exertion, pregnancy; glomerulonephritis, hypertension
Pus (WBCs and bacteria)
Pyuria
Urinary tract infection
RBCs
Hematuria
Bleeding in the urinary tract
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobinuria
Various: transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia
Bile pigments
Bilirubinuria
Liver disease (hepatitis)
Indicates Kideny Damage

5. V. Ureters VI. Urinary bladder * = describe *Function
= Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that connects to the Ureters superiorly and the Urethra inferiorly
*Function:
Ureters
Uterus
Bladder
Urethra

6. VII. Urethra = describe *Function: Location
Females—anterior to the vaginal opening
Males—travels through the prostate and penis

7. IX. Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
Water in the Body % of Body Weight
Is in 3 Major Compartments
*Intracellular Fluid, (1/3 of body fluid) = define
2. *Extracellular Fluid, (2/3 of body fluid) = define
Interstitial Fluid (most of extracellular fluid) =
b. *Plasma (4 times less than Interstitial Fluid) = define
links External Environment with inside of body
Exchanges between the Plasma occur constantly at the Lungs, Digestive Organs, and Kidneys
 Changes in Plasma is compensated by changes in intracellular and interstitial fluids and they all stay in equilibrium with each other
3 Compartments

8. B. The Link Between Water and Salt
Water easily diffuses between the 3 Compartments
Most important solutes are electrolytes = Ions
Changes in solute concentration of a compartment changes the concentration of water and creates a High  Low
When solutes move from one compartment to another, the water will diffuse and follow the solute. Consequences:
Alters blood volume and blood pressure
Can impair the activity of cells
So, Water Intake Must = Water Output
and the Concentrations of ions must be kept at Homeostasis by the Kidneys

9. Water Intake– controlled by Hypothalamus via making one thirsty
Water Intake– controlled by Hypothalamus via making one thirsty. Stimuli that trigger Thirst are:
Increase in plasma solute content
*Mouth is:
*Blood volume or blood pressure that:
Water loss– via
*Skin: called what?
Evaporation from Lungs
*End Product of Digestive System: ?
KIDNEYS: then compensate for the above water losses by altering the amount of water in the urine :

10. 3. Control of Urine concentration via hormones
3. Control of Urine concentration via hormones. If Blood Volume decreases then Blood Pressure decreases. Hormones and the Hypothalamus maintain proper values
ADH produced by Pituitary Gland is released via instructions from hypothalamus
Cause Collecting Ducts of Kidney to move water out of the filtrate/urine and back into the blood
Result:
Aldosterone produced by the Adrenal Glands is produced if the blood plasma is low in Na+
Reabsorbed Na+ out of filtrate/urine and puts it in the blood.
Then: Water diffuses and follows Na+
4. Blood Pressure also maintained by Cardiovascular Sys

11. D. Acid-Base Balance
Most changes to blood ph occur do to substances produced by cells, not food
Respiratory Sys: handles CO2 levels
Urinary Sys: does other acids and alkaline substances
1. Respiratory Sys: regulates amount of CO2 via breathing and by using
a. Bicarbonate Buffer System of blood
CO H2O H2CO H+ + HCO3
If H+ added, reaction goes to the left to form CO2 + H2O
If add OH it reacts with H+ of Carbonic Acid to form H2O
b. Other substances that are in the blood and which function as Buffer Systems
2. Urinary System: can excrete or reabsorb acidic and/or alkaline substances, especially bicarbonate ions (alkaline) and Hydrogen ions (acid)

12. 22 slides
END

13. Hepatic veins (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland
Renal hilum
Aorta
Renal vein
Kidney
Iliac crest
Ureter
Rectum (cut)
Uterus (part
of female
reproductive
system)
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
(a)
Figure 15.1a