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385L34.

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Presentation on theme: "385L34."— Presentation transcript:

1 385L34

2 BRONZE AGE BCE Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations DARK AGE BCE economic collapse migration into Aegean ARCHAIC PERIOD BCE trade and economic renewal literacy rise of polis Presocratic speculation CLASSICAL PERIOD BCE Athenian supremacy scientific advances: logic, astronomy, medicine, physics, mathematics, biology… research institutes (Academy, Lyceum) HELLENISTIC PERIOD BCE Alexander the Great syncretism research libraries (Alexandria, Pergamon) ROMAN REPUBLIC BCE Roman conquest of Greece (150) expansion of Empire ROMAN EMPIRE 31 BCE — 476 CE collapse of Republic imperial rule religious cults “fall” of Rome

3 Alexandrian Museum and Library
• Alexandria founded 331 BCE • state patronage of arts and sciences under Ptolemaic rulers • Museum and Library founded early 3rd century BCE • competition between Alexandria and Pergamum • estimates range from 40, ,000 scrolls • Museum as research institute: physics, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, zoology, medicine • library partially destroyed 48 BCE; also 270s CE

4 Anaximander 6th cent. BCE concentrism; symmetrical distances Empedokles ca. 450 BCE reflected light; solar eclipse Philolaos 5th cent. BCE pyrocentrism; Counter-Earth Plato BCE Spindle of Necessity; geocentric model Eudoxus BCE 27 spheres Kallippos BCE 34 spheres Aristotle BCE 5th element (aither); 56 spheres; Unmoved Mover Herakleides ca. 350 BCE Earth axial rotation; Mercury and Venus orbit Sun; epicycles Aristarchus BCE heliocentrism Eratosthenes BCE circumference of Earth Apollonius BCE equivalence of epicyclic and eccentric models

5 Stations & Retrogression of Mars (13.10.96-26.7.97)

6 Epicycle and Deferent

7 Epicycle and Deferent

8 Eudoxus & Herakleides (1:29+)

9 Aristarchus ( BCE) • heliocentrism! • Earth rotates on axis • Moon orbits Earth • Sun and stars remain immobile • Earth and planets orbit Sun • all orbits circular • Eudoxan 27 spheres  7 spheres

10 Failure of Heliocentrism
• inertia of geocentric paradigm • authority of Plato • circular orbits, immobile Earth • authority of earlier models (Eudoxus, Herakleides) • authority of Aristotle • 5-element theory • physics of movement • 4 causes • religious/cultural resistance • Earth rotation counter-experiential • inequality of seasonal lengths • failure to account for varying brightness

11 skaphê/gnômon

12 Eratosthenes • summer solstice at Syene (TC): noon sun at zenith • noon angle at Alexandria 7 degrees 12’ (1/50 of circle) north of zenith • distance Alexandria to Syene = 5000 stades • 50 x 5000 = 25,000 stades (46,620 km / 28,968.3 mi) • actual circumference 40,075 km (24,901 mi)

13 Apollonius : Eccentric

14 Uniform & Eccentric Orbits

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