1. Memory
Memory
persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

2. Encoding: Getting Information In
Automatic
Effortful

3. Effortful Encoding Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information
Types
Maintenance Rehearsal: rote memory
Elaborative Rehearsal: associating unlike terms
Deep Processing: understand meaning

4. Effortful Encoding Imagery mental pictures Mnemonics
techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

5. XIBMCIAFBICBSMTV Effortful Encoding X IBM CIA FBI CBS MTV Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
XIBMCIAFBICBSMTV
X IBM CIA FBI CBS MTV

6. Encoding Phenomena Serial Position Effect Next-in-Line Effect
Sleep Effect
Spacing Effect
Distributed practice over mass practice

7. Storage Sensory Memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
extremely temporary
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
determine what needs to passed on and what does not
bypassed by rehearsal techniques

8. Storage Short-Term Memory
consciously activated memory that holds a few items briefly
our mental scratch pad
will hold approx. 7 +/- 2 items
time and space limited

9. Storage Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

10. Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositions-
classical and
operant
conditioning
effects

11. Retrieval
Encoding Specificity Principle: retrieval is affected by encoding situations
context: things going on internally (mood congruent memory) and externally (environment) while encoding
physical state: if under the influence of a substance such as caffeine while encoding, will best retrieve under the influence of that substance (state dependent retrieval)

12. Retrieval
Recall
measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test
Recognition
Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify (recognize) items previously learned
as on a multiple-choice test

13. Retrieval Cues Deja Vu (French)--already seen
Often causes the eerie feeling of “having experienced before”
cues from a current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience (priming)
Flashbulb memories
Vivid recollection of often emotional events
Where were you when the 911 attacks took place?

14. Biological Basis of Memory
Synaptic changes
Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential of memory neurons after brief, rapid stimulation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories
some stress hormones boost learning and retention
Hippocampus