1. The Blood
Discuss the composition of blood including the functions of the various components
Explain the anatomy and functions of the red blood cells, including a description of blood typing
Discuss the types of white blood cells found in the blood and give the functions of each
Give a brief accounting of the platelets
Review hemopoiesis, including RBC and leukocyte formation
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2. Functions of Blood
Distribution - nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, etc.
Self-sealing – hemostasis
Disease/ infection fighting

3. Blood = connective tissue
specialized cells:
(= Formed elements)
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
extracellular
matrix:
Plasma
color ?
volume ?

4. Plasma Composition Water 92% Plasma proteins 7% Other solutes 1%
Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat
Water %
Plasma proteins 7%
Other solutes %

5. Plasma Proteins
Albumin (60%) Major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma. Transport of lipids and steroid hormones
Globulins (35%) Transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function
Fibrinogen (4%) Essential component of clotting system (conversion to insoluble fibrin)
Regulatory proteins (< 1%) ????
Hormones and enzymes

6. Other Solutes
Electrolytes: Normal extracellular fluid ion composition (????)
Organic nutrients: glucose, FA, AA
Organic wastes: urea, bilirubin

7. Difference between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid :
Plasma has more:
Dissolved O2 O2 diffuses out into tissue
Dissolved proteins (too big to cross caps.)
Albumins
Globulins
 globulins
 and  globulins
Fibrinogen
Similar concentration: Salts & small molecules

8. Difference between
plasma and serum?
serum = plasma -

9. more things:
Most plasma proteins are made in liver. Exception: ?
Lipoproteins = particles containing lipids (cholesterol & triglycerids) and proteins (albumins & globulins)

10. Formed Elements Red and White Blood Cells Platelets WBCs RBCs .1%
99.9%

11. Formed Elements cont.
Why white blood cells???

12. RBCs = Erythrocytes Measured by hematocrit or PCV
Most abundant blood cell: RBCs/1 WBC
Contain hemoglobin, carry O2
Very regular shape - biconcave discs
Anucleate: Lifespan ~ 120 days replacement rate ~ 3 mio RBCs / sec

13. Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb)
Fe ion in heme group reversibly binds O2
How many oxygen
molecules can 1
Hb molecule
carry? a

14. ABO & Rh Blood Types
Blood groups (types) based on specific RBC surface antigens (= proteins)
> 30 common varieties of antigens known. Most important ABO & Rh
blood type ?

15. ABO Blood typing: 4 combinations possible
A surface antigen = blood type A
B surface antigen = blood type B
both surface antigens = type AB
neither surface antigen = type O
Rh surface antigen = + blood type
no Rh antigen = negative blood type

16. months after birth:
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies can be formed in plasma !
normally NO anti Rh present

17. Transfusion Reaction Universal Donor vs. Universal Recipient
Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal!
Universal Donor vs. Universal Recipient
Only for emergencies - must be given slowly !

18. Clinical Brief Anemia: p. 536 Polycythemia: Blood Doping: p. 545
Reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood. Causes??
Polycythemia:
Erythrocytosis: excessive increase in RBCs
Polycythemia vera:
Blood Doping: p. 545
Via direct transfusion, or
EPO use

19. WBCs = Leukocytes
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Quantity and type determined by differential WBC count
Circulating WBCs are only a small fraction of total WBCs. Most are located in ?
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

20. Neutrophil (= PMN) Up to ~ 70% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs
Cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes
phagocytic

21. Eosinophil ~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs Granules stain with eosin
Increased in allergies and parasitic infections

22. Basophil < 1% of circulating WBCs
Granules stain with basic dyes and contain histamine
Discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at site of injury (Similar to mast cells)

23. Monocyte ~ 2% - 8% of circulating WBCs Large kidney shaped nucleus
In tissue called Macrophage

24. Lymphocytes ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs
Relatively small (slightly larger than RBCs)
Large round nucleus
B, T, NK

25. Platelets = Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of Megakaryocytes
(~ 4,000 thrombocytes per Megakaryocyte)
 ~ 160 m
Lifespan ~ 12 days
involved in blood clotting

26. Abnormal Blood Cell Counts
Leukopenia < 2,500/ L (normal 6000 – 9000)
Leukocytosis > 30,000/ L
Thrombocytopenia: < 80,000/ L (normal ~ 350,000)
Thrombocytosis: > 1,000,000/ L
Also
Lymphopenia vs. _____________
_________vs. Neutrophilia

27. Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Formation
Hemocytoblasts: One type of stem cell for all blood cells
. . . then differentiation into 4 types of progenitor stem cells:
Erythroblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast
Fig 20.8
The End
In red bone marrow