1. Locating Places on A Map
Geography 20F
Unit 1: Geographic Literacy

2. Compass Points and Bearings
When you are reading a map it is very important to know where north, south, east and west are.
On a map reference to compass points (N,S,E,W) are shown on a compass rose.
Directions can be given more accurately if degrees (compass bearings) are used rather than compass points.
Compass bearings measure the angle of a direction in relation to North, moving clockwise.

3. Grid Systems
The most common way to locate places on a map is to use a grid system.
We will look at three grid systems:
Alphanumeric Grid
Map Grid (Military Grid)
Longitude and Latitude
Uses letters and numbers to identify squares in a grid pattern.
It is often used on road maps A B C
1 2 3

4. Grid Systems Map or Military Grid
This type of grid system is usually used on topographic maps.
Four-Digit Grid Reference
Each vertical line is called an easting and runs from the top to bottom of a map. Each easting is identified by a two digit number which refers to the column to the right of the line.
Each horizontal line is called a northing and refers to the row above it.
By combining the two digits from the easting and the two digits from the northing we are able to identify a specific square on the map.

5. 2. Map Grid (Military Grid)
The Flag is located at – 67E42N
Anywhere city is located at –65E44N

6. Grid Systems Longitude and Latitude Latitude Longitude
This type of grid divides the Earth into a series of grid squares.
Latitude is measured north and south of the equator.
Longitude is measured east and west of the prime meridian.
The location is always recorded with latitude written first followed by longitude. Ex. 10 N 25 W
Latitude
Longitude

7. Latitude
Lines of Latitude run from the Equator North and South to the Poles
Also known as Parallels
They are measured in degrees 0-90 NORTH and 0-90 South from the equator.
0 Degrees is called the Equator
Splits the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Each degree of latitude is equal to 110km in distance

8. Significant Lines of Latitude

9. Longitude Lines of Longitude run from the North Pole to the South
Also called Meridians
They are measured in degrees EAST and West from 0 degrees.
0 Degrees is called the Prime Meridian
Runs directly through Greenwich, England
180 Degrees is called the International Date Line

10. Significant Lines of Longitude
Prime Meridian 0 degrees
IDL 180 degrees E or W

11. Hemispheres The world can be divided up into 4 Hemispheres
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Separated by the equator
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Separated by the Prime Meridian

12. Great Circles and Small Circles
Great Circles: is any circle drawn on a globe (or other sphere) with a center which divides the globe into two equal halves.
Examples: Equator and Prime Meridian
Small Circles: is any circle drawn on a globe (or other sphere) with a center which does not divide the globe into two equal halves.
Examples: Lines of Latitude

13. Longitude and Latitude
75 N 90 W
60 N 60 E
60 N 120 W
15 N 45 W W

14. Latitude and Longitude
Complete Latitude Longitude Assignment 1 & Assignment 2

15. Longitude and Time Zones
The theory behind time zones is quite simple:
Since Earth rotates around its axis once every 24 hours there are 24 time zones around the Earth, with 1 hour difference between them
Since Earth rotates through 360 degrees in 24 hours it must rotate through 15 degrees in 1 hour (360/24=15)
Every place within a time zone has the same time, this time is referred to as standard time.
Countries are able to modify the shape of their time zone and the standard time they use.

16. Time Zones

17. Canadian Time Zones

18. International Date Line
When sailors first sailed around the world they would arrive home either a day ahead or a day behind the those who stayed behind.
To correct this the International Date Line was established.
It runs between the North and South poles and generally follows the 180 degree line of longitude through the Pacific Ocean.
If you cross the date line going westward, you add a day.
If you cross the date line going eastward, you lose a day.

19. Daylight Savings Time
Daylight savings time is used to extend the hours of day light into the evening when most people are awake.
In Canada and the USA, daylight savings time starts on the first Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November.
In other words you “spring forward” in the spring and “fall back” in the fall.

20. Assignment
Complete World Time Zones and What Time is it Worksheet!

21. Rotations and Revolutions
The earth rotates and revolves around the sun on an axis of 23.5◦
This movement around the sun and on its axis creates day and night as well as the seasons.

22. Rotations Spinning of the earth on its axis (23.5◦)
1 rotations = 24 hours long = 1 day (23 hours & 56 mins)
Day/night are based on the side of the earth that is facing the sun

23. Revolutions
As the earth spins on its axis, its moves in an Elliptical orbit around the sun
1 revolution = days  every 4 years =Leap Year
The revolution is marked by solstices which mark the longest or shortest daylight hours of the year
In the Northern Hemisphere
Summer Solstice – June 21st (longest day of the year)
Winter Solstice – December 21st (shortest day of the year)
Spring Equinox – March 21st (Equal Hours of Day and Night)
Autumnal Equinox – September 22nd (Equal Hours of Day and Night

24. Seasons Using Earth labeled “A” answer the following questions:
The sun’s rays are directly hitting the _____________________________________________
The name of this occurrence is called the _________________________________________
This event signifies the start of which season ____________________________________
This event falls on the following date each year __________________________________
Using Earth labeled “B” answer the following questions:
Using Earth labeled “C” answer the following questions:
Using Earth labeled “D” answer the following questions:

25. Seasons Using Earth labeled “A” answer the following questions:
Using Earth labeled “C” answer the following questions:
The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Equator
The name of this occurrence is called the Spring Equinox
This event signifies the start of which season Spring
This event falls on the following date each year March 21
Using Earth labeled “D” answer the following questions:
The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Tropic of Cancer
The name of this occurrence is called the Summer Solstice
This event signifies the start of which season Summer
This event falls on the following date each year June 21st
Using Earth labeled “A” answer the following questions:
The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Equator
The name of this occurrence is called the Autumnal or Fall Equinox
This event signifies the start of which season Fall
This event falls on the following date each year September 22
Using Earth labeled “B” answer the following questions:
The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Tropic of Capricorn
The name of this occurrence is called the Winter Solstice
This event signifies the start of which season Winter
This event falls on the following date each year December 21