1. Consequences of War

2. Seattle General Strike
Shipbuilders in Seattle went on strike for better wages, inspiring other workers in Seattle to follow suit
60,000 workers went on strike, but gained little before returning to work
Still, the size of the strike and its effect on the city were alarming

3. Boston Police Strike
1919: 75% of police went on strike for higher pay, leading to rioting and looting due to lawlessness
Gov. Calvin Coolidge sent in the National Guard to restore order. He said, “There is no right to
strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.”
When policemen tried to return to work, they were fired and replaced with new hires, with Coolidge’s approval.
People praised Coolidge for saving Boston, if not the nation, from communism and anarchy.

4. The Steel Strike
350,000 steel workers went on strike for higher wages and right to unionize
US Steel blamed the strike on foreign immigrants, painted the strikers as un-American
Hired African-Americans and Mexican immigrants to replace the workers and keep the steel mills running
Despite several violent clashes, the striking workers gained nothing

5. The Red Scare of
Labor unrest led to fears that Communists were trying to create a revolt in the US similar to the one in Russia
April 1919: dozens of bombs were sent through the US Mail to important government officials and business leaders, further encouraging the belief that communists were plotting against the US

6. The Palmer Raids
Federal agents raided the headquarters of various radical organizations, trying to identify the terror bombers
No evidence was ever found, but hundreds of immigrants were deported due to suspicion
Agents entered homes without search warrants, jailed individuals without charges, and refused lawyers – all violations of basic civil rights

7. A. Mitchell Palmer 1872 – 1936 US Attorney General
Became an assassination target of anarchists, survived two bomb attacks
Organized a new branch of the Justice Department – the General Intelligence Unit (GIU) – to investigate “radical” organizations

8. J. Edgar Hoover
1895 – 1972
Hand picked by Palmer to head the GIU, remained in charge until his death in 1972 (the GIU became the FBI in 1935)
Well known for using extralegal methods

9. Sacco & Vanzetti
Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (1891–1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888–1927)
Italian immigrants
1920: Convicted of armed robbery and murder in a highly controversial trial, many believed they were blamed simply due to the fact that they were immigrants and associated with anarchists
Executed in 1927, despite a confession to the crime by another individual

10. Urban Race Riots
Violent racism erupted in Northern cities as WWI veterans returned to work only to find themselves competing with blacks and Mexican immigrants for jobs
Worst was in Chicago where a two-week long riot killed 38 and injured hundreds

11. The Ku Klux Klan
The KKK was reborn in 1915 as a much more formally structured organization
Preached on the purification of America, practiced racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism, nativism, and antisemitism
Strongest in Midwestern cities like Detroit & Chicago
May have reached membership of 15 million

12. American Protective League
Private citizens’ group founded in 1917 (with the approval of the DOJ) to monitor German-Americans for signs of anti-war sentiments and to report draft dodgers
Officially disbanded in 1919, but local branches continued to operate in conjunction with other racist groups such as the KKK

13. Quota System
number of immigrants grown to 600% ( 141,000 to 805,000)
Decide to limit immigration
Emergency Quota Act of set up a quota on number of immigrants that can enter the US from each foreign country
Total number of persons that could enter in one year in 1920 was 150,000

14. A “Return to Normalcy”
Election of 1920 was won by Republican Warren G. Harding
Harding campaigned on a return to simpler times
Americans had tired of the reforms of Progressivism, the unrest of war and labor disputes

15. Washington Naval Conference
1922: Meeting in Washington DC between the US, Great Britain, Japan, and other nations with interests in the Pacific
Purpose of the conference was to defuse potential future conflicts in the Pacific
All parties agreed to limit the sizes of their navies, restrict certain types of armaments, and to not fortify islands in the Pacific
This agreement made it easier for Japan to expand its empire

16. Dawes Plan
1924: When Germany could not meet its reparation debts from the Treaty of Versailles, the US loaned Germany the money to refinance its debt
US wanted to avoid the possibility of a new conflict in Europe