1. CHEMISTRY Matter and Change
Chapter 23: The Chemistry of Life

2. Table Of Contents Section 23.1 Proteins Section 23.2 Carbohydrates
CHAPTER23
Table Of Contents
Section Proteins
Section Carbohydrates
Section Lipids
Section Nucleic Acids
Section Metabolism
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3. Proteins Describe the structures of amino acids and proteins.
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Describe the structures of amino acids and proteins.
polymer: large molecules composed of many repeating units called monomers
Explain the roles of proteins in cells.

4. Proteins protein amino acid peptide bond peptide denaturation enzyme
SECTION23.1
Proteins
protein
amino acid
peptide bond
peptide
denaturation
enzyme
substrate
active site
Proteins perform essential functions, including regulation of chemical reactions, structural support, transport of materials, and muscle contractions.

5. Proteins Protein Structure
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure
Proteins are organic polymers made of amino acids linked together in a specific order, not just random chains of amino acids.
Amino acids are organic molecules that have both an amino group and an acidic carboxyl group.

6. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)
Each amino acid has a central carbon atom, with four groups arranged around it: an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and variable side chain.

7. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)

8. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)
The amino and carboxyl groups provide bonding sites for linking amino acids together.

9. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)
The amide bond that joins the two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

10. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)
Peptide chains of ten or more amino acids are called polypeptides.

11. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)
When a chain reaches 50 or more amino acids, it is called a protein.
Only 20 different amino acids exist.

12. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)
Long chains of amino acids fold in unique shapes determined by the interaction among amino acids.
Denaturation is the process in which a protein’s natural three-dimensional structure is disrupted.
Changes in temperature, ionic strength, pH, and other factors result in the unfolding and uncoiling of a protein.

13. Protein Structure (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
Protein Structure (Cont.)

14. The Many Functions of Proteins
SECTION23.1
Proteins
The Many Functions of Proteins
An enzyme is a biological catalyst.
A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the transition states.
A substrate refers to the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
The spot to which the substrates bind is called the active site.
Substrates must fit the active site in the same way puzzle pieces fit together.

15. The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)

16. The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
Some proteins are involved in transporting smaller particles throughout the body.

17. The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
Certain proteins’ sole function is to form structures vital to organisms. They are known as structural proteins.
The most abundant structural protein in most animals is collagen, which makes up skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones.
Other structural proteins make up feathers, fur, wool, hooves, fingernails, cocoons and hair.

18. The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
SECTION23.1
Proteins
The Many Functions of Proteins (Cont.)
Some hormones are proteins and are used as chemical messenger molecules that carry signals from one part of the body to another.
Ex. Insulin, made by pancreas cells, when released into the bloodstream signals the body the blood sugar is abundant and should be stored.

19. Which best describes a protein?
SECTION23.1
Section Check
Which best describes a protein?
A. a building block
B. a biological polymer
C. an enzyme
D. a catalyst

20. Amino acids in a protein are linked together by ____.
SECTION23.1
Section Check
Amino acids in a protein are linked together by ____.
A. ionic bonds
B. hydrogen bonds
C. peptide bonds
D. temporary dipole

22. SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
Describe the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
stereoisomers: a class of isomers whose atoms are bonded in the same order but are arranged differently in space
Explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.

23. Carbohydrates carbohydrate monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide
SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
carbohydrate
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
Carbohydrates provide energy and structural material for living things.

24. Kinds of Carbohydrates
SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
Kinds of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds that contain multiple hydroxyl groups as well as carbonyl groups.
Monosaccharides are the simple sugars, composed of five or six carbon atoms.

25. Kinds of Carbohydrates (Cont.)
SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
Kinds of Carbohydrates (Cont.)
Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is present in high concentration in blood.
Glucose is a major source of immediate energy for the body.

26. Kinds of Carbohydrates (Cont.)
SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
Kinds of Carbohydrates (Cont.)
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are bonded together.

27. Kinds of Carbohydrates (Cont.)
SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
Kinds of Carbohydrates (Cont.)
Polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars made up of 12 or more monomers.
Glycogen is an important polysaccharide found in animals that is used to store energy.
Starch and cellulose are also important polysaccharides found in starch.

28. Carbohydrates contain which two functional groups?
SECTION23.2
Section Check
Carbohydrates contain which two functional groups?
A. amine and hydroxyl
B. carbonyl and amide
C. carbonyl and aldehyde
D. hydroxyl and carbonyl

29. Which of the following is considered a monosaccharide?
SECTION23.2
Section Check
Which of the following is considered a monosaccharide?
A. glucose
B. glycogen
C. starch
D. cellulose

31. SECTION23.3
Lipids
Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms.
Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo.
Relate the structure and function of cell membranes.
nonpolar: without separate positive and negative areas or dipoles

32. Lipids lipid fatty acid triglyceride saponification phospholipid wax
SECTION23.3
Lipids
lipid
fatty acid
triglyceride
saponification
phospholipid
wax
steroid
Lipids make cell membranes, store energy, and regulate cellular processes.

33. SECTION23.3
Lipids
What is a lipid?
A lipid is a large, nonpolar biological molecule.
Fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids, are long-chain carboxylic acids.
Fatty acids are placed in two groups: saturated and unsaturated.

34. Lipids What is a lipid? (cont.)
SECTION23.3
Lipids
What is a lipid? (cont.)
Saturated fats contain only single bonds.
Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds.

35. Lipids What is a lipid? (cont.)
SECTION23.3
Lipids
What is a lipid? (cont.)
Triglycerides are formed when three fatty acids are bonded to a glycerol backbone.
Triglycerides can be solids or liquids at room temperature.

36. Lipids What is a lipid? (cont.)
SECTION23.3
Lipids
What is a lipid? (cont.)
Saponification is the hydrolysis of a triglyceride using an aqueous solution of a strong base to form carboxylate salts and glycerol.
Saponification is used to make soaps.

37. Lipids What is a lipid? (cont.)
SECTION23.3
Lipids
What is a lipid? (cont.)
Phospholipids are triglycerides in which one fatty acid is replaced by a polar phosphate group.
Cell membranes are made up of a double layer of phospholipids, called a lipid bilayer.

38. Lipids What is a lipid? (cont.)
SECTION23.3
Lipids
What is a lipid? (cont.)
Waxes are lipids formed by combining a fatty acid with a long-chain alcohol.
Both plants and animals make waxes.
Steroids are lipids that have multiple cyclic rings in their structures.

39. SECTION23.3
Section Check
A triglyceride in which a fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group is a ____.
A. wax
B. phospholipid
C. steroid
D. fatty acid

40. Fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids, are composed of what?
SECTION23.3
Section Check
Fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids, are composed of what?
A. triglycerides
B. steroids
C. amides
D. long-chain carboxylic acids

42. Nucleic Acids Identify the structural components of nucleic acids.
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
Identify the structural components of nucleic acids.
genetic information: an inherited sequence of RNA or DNA that causes traits or characteristics to pass from one generation to the next
Relate the function of DNA to its structure.
Describe the structure and function of RNA.
nucleic acid
nucleotide
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

43. Structure of Nucleic Acids
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
Structure of Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a nitrogen-containing biological polymer that is involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information.
The monomer that makes up a nucleic acid is called a nucleotide.

44. Structure of Nucleic Acids (Cont.)
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
Structure of Nucleic Acids (Cont.)
Each nucleotide has three parts:
Inorganic phosphate group
Five-carbon monosaccharide
Nitrogenous base

45. Nucleic Acids DNA: The Double Helix
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
DNA: The Double Helix
DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides wound together to form a spiral structure.
The spiral structure is known as a double helix.

46. DNA: The Double Helix (Cont.)
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
DNA: The Double Helix (Cont.)
DNA contains four different nitrogenous bases.
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

47. DNA: The Double Helix (Cont.)
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
DNA: The Double Helix (Cont.)
The side-by-side base pairs are close enough to form hydrogen bonds.
Guanine always bonds to cytosine, and thymine always bonds to adenine.

48. DNA: The Double Helix (Cont.)
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
DNA: The Double Helix (Cont.)
Watson and Crick used their model to predict how DNA’s chemical structure enables it to function.
DNA stores genetic information of a cell in the cell’s nucleus.
The two chains of a DNA helix are complementary. This complementary pairing provides a mechanism by which genetic material of a cell is copied.

49. Nucleic Acids RNA RNA is also a nucleic acid.
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
RNA
RNA is also a nucleic acid.
The structure of RNA differs from DNA in three ways.
RNA contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil (but never thymine).
RNA contains sugar ribose instead of sugar deoxyribose.
DNA is a double helix while RNA is a single strand.

50. Nucleic Acids RNA (cont.)
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
RNA (cont.)
RNA allows cells to use genetic information found in DNA.

51. Which is NOT part of a nucleotide?
SECTION23.4
Section Check
Which is NOT part of a nucleotide?
A. nitrogenous base
B. lipid
C. phosphate group
D. sugar

52. Which is NOT a difference between RNA and DNA?
SECTION23.4
Section Check
Which is NOT a difference between RNA and DNA?
A. DNA is a double helix; RNA a single strand.
B. DNA is a nucleic acid; RNA is not.
C. DNA has thymine; RNA has uracil.
D. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.

54. Metabolism Distinguish between anabolism and catabolism.
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Distinguish between anabolism and catabolism.
redox process: a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Describe the role of ATP in metabolism.
Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation.

55. Metabolism metabolism catabolism anabolism ATP photosynthesis
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
metabolism
catabolism
anabolism
ATP
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
fermentation
Metabolism involves many thousands of reactions in living cells.

56. Anabolism and Catabolism
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism
The set of chemical reactions carried out within an organism is its metabolism.
Catabolism refers to the metabolic processes that break down complex biological molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, triglycerides, and nucleic acids for the purpose of forming smaller building blocks and extracting energy.

57. Anabolism and Catabolism (Cont.)
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism (Cont.)
Anabolism refers to the metabolic reactions that use energy and small building blocks to synthesize complex molecules needed by an organism.
Catabolism and anabolism are linked by common building blocks that catabolic reactions produce and anabolic reactions use.

58. Anabolism and Catabolism (Cont.)
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism (Cont.)

59. Anabolism and Catabolism (Cont.)
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism (Cont.)
ATP is a nucleotide that functions as the universal energy-storage molecule in living cells.

60. Metabolism Photosynthesis
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Photosynthesis
The process that converts energy from sunlight to chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrates is called photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis results in the reduction of carbon atoms in carbon dioxide as glucose is formed.

61. Metabolism Cellular Respiration
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used by living things during cellular respiration, the process in which glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide, water, and large amounts of energy.
Cellular respiration is the major energy-producing process in living organisms.

62. Metabolism Fermentation
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Fermentation
Cells can extract energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Cellular respiration produces 38 mol of ATP per 1 mol glucose.
Fermentation produces 2 mol ATP per 1 mol of glucose.

63. Metabolism Fermentation (cont.)
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Fermentation (cont.)
Fermentation is the process by which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen.
There two common kinds of fermentation: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.

64. Metabolism Fermentation (cont.)
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Fermentation (cont.)
In alcoholic fermentation, yeast and some bacteria can ferment glucose to produce ethanol.
Alcoholic fermentation is used to make bread, form tofu, and produce ethanol in alcoholic beverages.

65. Metabolism Fermentation (cont.)
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Fermentation (cont.)
In lactic acid fermentation, when the oxygen supply is depleted, cellular respiration stops.
Animal cells produce lactic acid and a small amount of energy from lactic acid fermentation of glucose.
Build-up of lactic acid is what results in burning pain in the muscles during strenuous exercise.

66. SECTION23.5
Section Check
Which process is the major energy-producing process in living organisms?
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
C. alcoholic fermentation
D. lactic acid fermentation

67. What process breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen?
SECTION23.5
Section Check
What process breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen?
A. anabolism
B. catabolism
C. cellular respiration
D. fermentation

69. The Chemistry of Life Chemistry Online Study Guide Chapter Assessment
Resources
Chemistry Online
Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
Standardized Test Practice

70. SECTION23.1
Proteins
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Proteins are biological polymers made of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds.
Protein chains fold into intricate three-dimensional structures.
Proteins have many functions in the human body, including functions within cells, functions between cells, and functions of structural support.

71. Carbohydrates Key Concepts
SECTION23.2
Carbohydrates
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Carbohydrates are compounds that contain multiple hydroxyl groups (–OH) and a carbonyl functional group (C=O).
Carbohydrates range in size from single monomers to polymers composed of hundreds or thousands of monomers.
Monosaccharides in aqueous solution exist in both open-chain and cyclic structures.

72. SECTION23.3
Lipids
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that usually have between 12 and 24 carbon atoms.
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
Fatty acids can be linked to glycerol backbones to form triglycerides.
Steroids are lipids that have multiple-ring structures.

73. Nucleic Acids Key Concepts
SECTION23.4
Nucleic Acids
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a sugar.
DNA and RNA are the information-storage molecules of a cell.
DNA is double stranded, and RNA is single stranded.

74. Metabolism Key Concepts
SECTION23.5
Metabolism
Study Guide
Key Concepts
Living organisms undergo catabolism and anabolism.
Photosynthesis directly or indirectly provides all living things with energy.
The net equation for cellular respiration is the reverse of the net equation for photosynthesis.

75. CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter Assessment
What are biological polymers made of amino acid monomers called?
A. enzymes
B. peptides
C. nucleotides
D. proteins

76. CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter Assessment
Carbonyl and hydroxyl groups are found in which group?
A. lipids
B. fatty acids
C. carbohydrates
D. proteins

77. The Chemistry of Life Cell membranes are usually made of what?
CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter Assessment
Cell membranes are usually made of what?
A. fatty acids
B. cellulose
C. triglycerides
D. phospholipids

78. CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter Assessment
Nucleotides are the monomers of what biological polymer?
A. nucleic acid
B. nitrogenous bases
C. polysaccharides
D. polypeptides

79. CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter Assessment
Energy from sunlight is harnessed by which process?
A. alcoholic fermentation
B. cellular respiration
C. photosynthesis
D. catabolism

80. CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which of the following is NOT true about cellulose?
A. It is a polysaccharide.
B. It is easily digestible by humans.
C. It is produced by plants.
D. It is a carbohydrate.

81. The Chemistry of Life Which of the following is NOT true about DNA?
CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which of the following is NOT true about DNA?
A. DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine.
B. DNA is usually double stranded.
C. DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil.
D. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.

82. CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Standardized Test Practice
What is the condensed structural formula of 1-pentanol?
A. CH3(CH2)4OH
B. CH3(CH2)3COOH
C. CH3(CH2)3CH=O
D. CH2-O-(CH2)3CH3

83. The Chemistry of Life What is the oxidation number of Zn in Zn(NO3)2?
CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Standardized Test Practice
What is the oxidation number of Zn in Zn(NO3)2?
A. +2
B. +3
C. +5
D. +6

84. The Chemistry of Life Glucose is considered a ____. A. simple sugar
CHAPTER23
The Chemistry of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Glucose is considered a ____.
A. simple sugar
B. polysaccharide
C. fatty acid
D. nucleotide

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