1. Chapter 4: Ancient Rome

2. Etruscan Influence Architecture Etruscan Temples
Steps only on one side.
Deep front porch.
Enclosed area (cella) is divided into three rooms.

3. Etruscan Influence Architecture Etruscan Tombs Two types:
Corbeled domes
Rock cut chambers forming rectangular rooms.
They were made with tufa, a type of stone that hardens when exposed to the air.

4. Etruscan Influence Architecture Etruscan Tombs
They tended to replicate home-life.
Men and women appeared to be equal in status.

5. Etruscan Influence Etruscan Sculpture Capitoline She-Wolf
This was a bronze sculpture created ca. 500 B.C.E.
The twins, Romulus and Remus, were later added by the Romans.

6. The Roman Republic Social Structure Classes
Patricians: land-owning aristocrats.
Plebeians: poor class.
Slaves
Commonly captured in war.
Also debtors.

7. The Roman Republic Social Structure
Pietas is the total obedience to the father of the household.
Government, in regard to class, was supposed to work in the same fashion.
Patricians were the adults when compared to the plebeians.

8. The Roman Republic Social Structure
The patricians also were patrons in some cases.
If they favored a particular art, they would support the artist, becoming their patron.

9. The Roman Republic Military Expansion Punic Wars
It began over the ownership of Sicily.
The war was fought against the African city-state, Carthage.

10. The Roman Republic Military Expansion Punic Wars
The Carthaginians were descended from the Phoenicians.
The Latin term for Phoenician is Punic.

11. The Roman Republic Military Expansion Julius Caesar
He conquered Gaul, modern France.
He manipulated the Roman Senate into declaring him dictator for life.

12. The Roman Republic Military Expansion Julius Caesar
He was later assassinated on March 15, 45 B.C.E.
This led to a civil war that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic.

13. The Roman Republic Roman Art They copied the Greeks.
They focused on “larger than life images.”
They also displayed real people as opposed to mythical and perfect figures.
They also created imagines, death-masks.

14. The Roman Republic Roman Art Architecture
Composite order were columns in which they combined the acanthus leaves and the volutes.
Corinthian columns were commonly used in Rome.
Engaged columns were aesthetic columns that had no structural support.

15. The Roman Republic Roman Art Architecture Engineering Advances
Concrete
The Arch
The Dome

16. The Roman Republic Roman Art Architecture Engineering Advances
The Aqueduct which brought fresh water to Rome from mountains seven miles away.
Road construction.

17. The Roman Republic Roman Literature Catullus wrote love poems.
Plautus and Terence both wrote comedic-dramas.
Terence
Catullus
Plautus

18. The Roman Empire Octavian Caesar (r. 27 B.C.E-14 C.E.)
He was Julius Caesar’s adopted son and nephew.
He ended the civil war, avenging his uncle, and eventually became the Augustus.

19. The Roman Empire Octavian Caesar
His administration and conquest would develop the Pax Romana or “Roman Peace.”
Within the empire, trade and the economy were escalated.

20. The Roman Empire The Decline of the Empire
Rome would experience approximately 170 years of successful emperors.
However, with the rise of Commodus, the empire began to slowly crumble.

21. The Roman Empire The Decline of the Empire
Emperor Diocletian divided the empire into a tetrarchy which helped to prolong the downfall of Rome.

22. The Roman Empire The Decline of the Empire Emperor Constantine
He restored the empire.
However, he moved the capital to Byzantium, which became known as Constantinople.
This move would save the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) but destroy the Western Empire.

23. The Roman Empire The Decline of the Empire Romulus Augustulus
He was the child emperor.
He was deposed by the Goth, Odovacer in 476 C. E.
This brought the official end of the Western Roman Empire.

24. The Roman Empire Music of the Empire
It was loud and aggressive (militaristic).
Instruments
Tuba
Hydraulos (water power organ)

25. The Roman Empire Architecture of the Empire
Roman Forum was the center of city life and resembled the Greek agora.

26. The Roman Empire Architecture of the Empire
Colosseum was an amphitheatre (amphi = both and theatre = semicircle) used for sporting events.

27. The Roman Empire Architecture of the Empire Pantheon
It has an interior circular room and is dedicated to all the gods.

28. The Roman Empire Architecture of the Empire Pantheon
The top has an oculus (eye) that allows light in.
Coffers are the square indentation that were overlaid with gold, reflecting light into the interior.

29. The Roman Empire
Sculptures of the Empire
Augustus of Primaporta

30. The Roman Empire Sculptures of the Empire Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace)
First real use of perspective in sculpting.

31. The Roman Empire Sculptures of the Empire Column of Trajan
Roman columns were built to celebrate victories.

32. The Roman Empire Sculptures of the Empire
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

33. The Roman Empire Sculptures of the Empire The Head of Caracalla
One of the first sculptures to show stress.
Pupils and irises carved.
Brow is contracted and the head furrowed.

34. The Roman Empire Sculptures of the Empire The Head of Constantine
Shown as both mystical and majestic.

35. The Roman Empire
Sculptures of the Empire
The Arch of Constantine

36. The Roman Empire Paintings of the Empire
The only type of paintings to survive were murals (wall paintings).
First Style: The wall is given the illusion of marble.

37. The Roman Empire Paintings of the Empire
Second Style (cubiculum): creates open spaces using perspective, which is inconsistent.

38. The Roman Empire Paintings of the Empire
Third Style: is ornamental or ornamented with an emphasis on monochromic.
Red
Black
White

39. The Roman Empire Paintings of the Empire
Fourth Style: is a blending of all three previous styles.

40. The Roman Empire Stoicism of the Empire
The two main adherents of stoicism in the empire were Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius.
Epictetus
Marcus Aurelius

41. The Roman Empire Historians of the Empire Sallust
He wrote about the corruption of Roman politics.

42. The Roman Empire Historians of the Empire Livy
He wrote Rome’s most extensive history.

43. The Roman Empire Historians of the Empire Tacitus
He analyzed the decline of political freedom and the increasing role of dynastic power.

44. The Roman Empire Literature of the Empire Virgil
He wrote The Aeneid, a Roman epic recounting the founding of the city and its history.

45. The Roman Empire Literature of the Empire Gaius Lucilius
He was one of the best known satirists (this was the only new contribution the Romans made to writing).

46. The Roman Empire Literature of the Empire Horace
He was well known for his odes (lyrical poems).

47. The Roman Empire Literature of the Empire Ovid
He was wrote witty and ironic poems.

48. The Roman Empire Literature of the Empire Seneca
He wrote revenge tragedy.

49. The Roman Empire Literature of the Empire Petronius
He created a realistic picture of the manners, luxuries, and vices of the age.