1. Unification of Germany and Italy

3. Stirrings of Nationalism
Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of Roman Empire
Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into competing states, each with own government
Napoleon invaded Italy
United many states under one government
Unification did not last
After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states
Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

4. Italian Unification was a combination of diplomatic moves and wars orchestrated by Camillo Cavour the Prime Minister of Sardinia.

5. Italian Unification Timeline
1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”
Land in Sicily
1859 – War With Austria,
Italy gets Lombardy with help of
Napoleon III
1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides
with Prussia & receives Venice
1861- Victor Emmanuel II
Proclaimed “King of Italy”
Cavour dies
Franco-Prussian War,
Italy takes Rome
ITALY UNIFIED
1871: Rome proclaimed capital
of unified Italy
Revolution of 1848
1852 – Cavour becomes
Prime Minister of Sardinia

6. Social, Economic Problems
Challenges After Unification
In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.
Strong regional differences led to lack of unity
Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome
Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation
Social, Economic Problems
Poverty serious problem, caused many to emigrate
1880s, large numbers left Italy, many for Americas
Unemployment, rising taxes led to rioting, violence
Poverty, Emigration
Voting reform a major priority
1870, only wealthiest Italian men could vote
By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote
Reforms

7. THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

8. Real Politik
How: unify all German states under Prussia
Machiavellian leader: Real Politik: realistic assessment of a nation’s needs and then fulfilling them.
Ends justify the means. Do what is necessary, not what is right or moral

9. Path to Unification ZOLLVEREIN “Blood and Iron”
a customs union of German states that did not include Austria.
Removed tarrifs between German states
“Blood and Iron”

10. Fights three wars to unify Germany Wins all three
Blood and Iron
Fights three wars to unify Germany Wins all three
Danish War
Austro Prussian War
Franco Prussian War the most important

11. After Unification Centralized Power Militarism/military alliances
Encouragement of Industry
Persecution of Subject Nationalities
Germanization
Fought Catholics
Fought Socialists

12. A Growing Economy
After the unification of Germany, it rose to be the Industrial giant of the Europe.
Germany’s chemical and electrical industries were beyond any other industries in the world.
Germany’s coal and iron resources resulted in massive growth of the economy.
A work force and rapidly growing population also aided in the development of the economy.

13. Create a chart like this in your notebook and complete!
GOALS
METHODS
BISMARCK
(Germany)
CAVOUR
(Italy)

14. GOALS METHODS BISMARCK CAVOUR Unification of Germany
Increase Prussian Power
Decrease Austrian influence in Germany (drive them out of Germany)
“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)
Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right
CAVOUR
Unification of Italy
Make Sardinia a model of progress and efficiency (liberalism)
Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)
Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify
Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him