1. The Age of Reform
(1820 – 1860)

2. America During the 1800s, many Americans began to try to reform the nation’s problems.
Social Reform: An organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society.

3. Religious Reform The Second Great Awakening
Predestination: That God decides in advance who goes to heaven.
Revivals: Huge outdoor meetings that stir religious feelings.

4. Reforming Education School should be free and supported by taxes
Trained teachers
Requirement

5. Improving Education
Problems with schools: few children attended school, run-down buildings, teachers poorly trained, students of all ages together
(Horace Mann is on the left

6. Horace Mann’s Solution
Got state $ for schools
Build new schools
Extended the school year
Raised teachers’ pay
Opened 3 teacher colleges to train teachers

7. The Temperance Movement “Battling Demon Rum”
Problems caused by alcohol: domestic battery, child abuse, diseases, bankruptcy
Possible Solutions: getting people to drink less, banning the sale of alcohol (What was Carrie Nation’s solution?)

8. Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience
Went to jail rather than pay a tax that supported the Mexican American War.

9. Abolitionists
Worked to abolish slavery.
Both white and black
Quakers

10. Important Abolitionists:
Frederick Douglass: Born into slavery in Maryland, taught himself to read, escaped to Boston, powerful speaker, publisher of the North Star newspaper

11. William Lloyd Garrison: published The Liberator, founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society, wrote that slavery is an evil that needs to end immediately

12. Speaking for Women’s rights and the Abolitionist movement
Sojourner Truth
“I have as much muscle as any man, and can do as much work as any man. I have plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed, and can any man do more than that?”

13. More Abolitionists
Angelina and Sarah Grimke: Wealthy Southern daughters who moved North to fight slavery.

14. The Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman: A woman who escaped slavery and led more than 300 slaves to freedom.
The Underground Railroad: A network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape North to freedom.

15. The Women’s Movement Seneca Falls Convention Suffrage – voting rights
Declaration of Sentiments
“all men and women are created equal”
Suffrage – voting rights
Coeducation
1920-women got the vote

16. Seeking Equal Rights
Seneca Falls Convention: A Meeting called by Mott and Stanton to draw attention to the problems faced by women (met in Seneca Falls, New York!)
Lucretia Mott: Persuasive speaker and organizer with a Quaker background.

17. More Women’s Rights Activists
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Athletic and smart when young, teased by men in her father’s law office, popular speaker and proclaimer of women’s rights, close friend of Susan B. Anthony

18. Susan B. Anthony Tireless traveler and speaker
Would finish her speeches even when heckled and eggs were thrown at her
Played a key role in gaining women the vote in 1920

19. Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson: Leading Transcendentalist who taught that the human spirit is reflected in nature
Walt Whitman: Poet who wrote about democracy and the common man
Emily Dickinson: Gained respect as one of Americas greatest poets
Hudson River School: NOT A SCHOOL
A new style of art developed by Americans that focused on New York landscapes

20. More Transcendentalists
Nathaniel Hawthorne: Drew from the history of America for his stories
Edgar Allan Poe: Became famous for his tales of horror and mystery
Women writers: Many women wrote stories about experiences of widows, orphans, and women who succeeded by working hard

21. Write your answers on a sheet of paper!
Pop Quiz!
Write your answers on a sheet of paper!

22. Review Questions
1. Who want to extended the school year and provide training for teachers?
2. Define: Temperance
3. Name the religious event in American reform era.
4. Author of the Liberator.
5. The document drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention?
6. Abolitionist who owned the North Star.
7. Poet who wrote about horror and mystery.
8. Define: Transcendentalism