1. Lawmakers and Legislatures
Chapter 11 1

2. Legislators and Constituents
Legislators start in local politics
Expanding group of constituents 2

3. Structure Bicameral House : population Senate : state
Census - 10 years
Apportionment
Re-apportionment
Senate : state
2 for each state
At large 3

4. Qualifications House Senate 25 years old 7 years a citizen 2 year term
No limit on the number of terms
Senate
30 years old
9 years a citizen
6 year term
No limit on the number of terms 4

5. Informal Qualifications
Race
Gender
Education
Occupation 5

6. Jobs of Legislators
Delegate
Trustee 6

7. Getting Elected Challenger v. Incumbent Name recognition
Office resources (franking privileges)
Campaign funds
Bragging rights (pork; earmarks) 7

8. Powers of Congress
Delegated
Implied
Non-legislative

9. Delegated Borrow money Power to tax Regulate commerce among states
Coin money
Bankruptcies
War powers
Copyright laws, patents

10. Implied Power Necessary and proper clause ‘elastic clause’
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 10

11. Non-legislative Powers
Impeachment
Oversight and investigation
Subpoena
Authorization of bill
Appropriation 11

12. How Congress Checks Other Branches
Oversight
Confirmation
Impeachment
Ratification
Override
Amendments (bill, constitution)

13. Operation of the House and Senate
Roberts Rules of Order
Procedures
Deliberative body
Methods of tracking the issue
Method of tracking what the motion is the body is voting on
Determining what can be decided under what procedure
Parlimentarian

14. Committee System Standing committees & Sub Committees
Select committees or special committees
Joint committees
Conference committees
Assignment: majority party
Caucuses: party meetings

15. Support Agencies Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office
General Accounting Office
Government printing office
Staff

16. Privileges, Benefits, Penalties
Perquisites or perks
Benefits
Health insurance
Congressional staff
Penalties
Censure
Expulsion 16

17. How a Bill Becomes Law -1 House Senate Hopper Calendar Committee
Subcommittee
Rules committee
Floor
Senate
Hopper
Calendar
Committee
Subcommittee
Floor 17

18. How a Bill Becomes Law - 2 Conference Committee President
Subcommittees
Back to House and Senate
President
Sign
Veto
Pocket veto
Congress can override a veto 18

19. Introducing a Bill Bill Concurrent resolution Joint resolution
Suggested by President, Interest Group, Individual
Concurrent resolution
Congressional opinion, without the force of law, approval of both houses
Joint resolution
Formal expression of opinion, force of law 19

20. Committee Hearings Senate and House House only
Testimony
Mark up bill
House only
Rules Committee
90% of bills are pigeonholed
Discharge petition 20

21. Floor Action & Debate
Constitution requires Quorum -- majority of the members to house
seldom
Committee of the Whole
Senate Debate -- all members
Filibuster
cloture
House Debate -- limited 21

22. Amendments House Senate Open rule Closed rule Must be germane Riders
Christmas tree bill 22

23. Voting by Congress Pass the bill as written - send to other house
Table or kill the bill
Sent the bill back to committee
Offer amendments 23

24. Influence on Voting Constituent’s views Party membership
Personal views
Interest groups
Congressional deals
Logrolling
Pork barrel 24