1. Work and Simple Machines
S8P3. Students will investigate relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects. a. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration. b. Demonstrate the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object in terms of gravity, inertia, and friction. c. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines (lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle) on work.

2. Essential Questions When is work done on an object?
How do you determine the work done on an object?
What is the relationship between power and work?

3. WARM-UP:

4. Work – p
Work is done on an object when the object moves in the same direction in which the force is exerted.

5. Why is this server in a restaurant NOT doing any work?

7. Calculating Work – p
The amount of work done on an object can be determined by multiplying force times distance.

8. Is work being done?

9. Work = Force x Distance
Work = 5000 N x 200 m
Work = 1,000,000 Joules!

10. Power is the rate at which work is done.
Power – p
Power is the rate at which work is done.
It is equal to the amount of work done on an object in a unit of time.

11. WATT’s the unit of power?!?!

12. How Machines Do Work – p.412-415
A MACHINE is a device that allows you to do work one of three ways that is easier:
It can change the amount of force that you exert
It can change the distance over which you exert your force
It can change the direction in which you exert your force

13. Input and Output forces – p.413
Input force is the force that YOU exert on the machine, causing it to move a certain distance. (Ex: You exerted a force on a shovel)
Output force is the force that the MACHINE exerts over another distance. (Ex: the shovel’s force on the dirt)

14. Input and Output work – p.413
Input work is the input force times the input distance
Output work is the output force times the output distance
When you use a machine, the amount of output work can never be greater than the amount of input work.

15. Mechanical Advantage – p.416-417
A machine’s mechanical advantage is the number of times a machine increases force exerted on it.

16. Efficiency of Machines – p.417-419
A machine’s efficiency
(expressed as a percent) compares the output work to the input work.
Some work is always wasted overcoming the force of friction.
Efficiency = Output work x 100%
Input work

18. Simple Machines p.422

19. Inclined Plane p.423 A flat, sloped surface Ex: ramp
Allows you to exert your input force over a longer distance.
Ideal mechanical advantage =
Length of incline
Height of incline

20. Wedge p.424
A device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end.
2 inclined planes back to back that can move.
Ex: ax, knife, zipper
Allows the output force at a 90o angle to the slope
Ideal mechanical advantage =
Length of wedge
Width of wedge

21. Screw p.425 An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
Ex: lids of jars
Threads of screw increase the distance over which you exert the input force. As threads of screw turn, they exert an output force, holding the object in place.
Ideal mechanical advantage =
Length around the threads
Length of screw

22. Levers p
A rigid bar that is free to pivot, or rotate on a fixed point, called the fulcrum.
Ex: wheelbarrow, hockey stick, crowbar
3 types (see next slide)
Ideal mechanical advantage =
Distance from fulcrum to input force
Distance from fulcrum to output force

23. 1st class levers p. 427 Change the direction of the input force.
If the fulcrum is closer to the output force, these levers also increase force.
If the fulcrum is closer to the input force, these levers also increase distance.
Examples: scissors, pliers, seesaws

24. 2nd class levers p. 427 Change the direction of the input force.
If the fulcrum is closer to the output force, these levers also increase force.
If the fulcrum is closer to the input force, these levers also increase distance.
Examples: scissors, pliers, seesaws, wheelbarrow

25. 3rd class levers p. 427
Increase distance, but do not change the direction of the input force.
Examples: fishing poles, shovels, baseball bats, hockey sticks, brooms

26. Wheel and Axle p
Two circular or cylindrical objects fastened together that rotate about a common axis.
Ex: screwdriver, doorknob, steering wheel
You apply an input force to turn the handle, or wheel. Because the wheel is larger than the axle, the axle rotates and exerts a large output force. The W&A increases your force, but you must exert your force over a long distance.
Ideal mechanical advantage =
Radius of wheel
Radius of axle

27. Pulley p
A grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it.
Ex: flagpole, crane, weight machine, blinds/drapes
You pull on one end of a rope (input force), while the output force pulls the object you want to move. Makes work easier in 2 ways (see next slide)
Ideal mechanical advantage =
number of sections of rope that support the object.

28. Simple Machines in the Body p.432
Your front teeth (incisors) are wedges!
Most of the machines in your body are levers that consist of bones and muscles

29. Which levers are found in your body?

30. Compound Machines p.433 Utilize two or more simple machines
Ideal mechanical advantage is the product of the individual ideal mechanical advantages of the simple machines that make it up.