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Psychology History and Approaches AP Psychology Unit 1
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The Story of Psychology
What is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots Nature v. Nurture Mind-Body Evolutionary Psychological Science Develops Empirical Research
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Psychology’s Roots Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
“The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul.” Aristotle, De Anima, 350 B.C. Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience.
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Nature or Nurture?
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Nature vs Nurture – Which is more important
Nature vs Nurture – Which is more important? From: Robert L Windemuth (with a nod to Lenny Bruce) The son of two brilliant astrophysicists was lost as a child and raised by a pack of wild dogs. When he was 16 he was found. He made a quick adjustment back to civilization and graduated from MIT with highest honors at the age of twenty. Unfortunately, he was killed the next year while vacationing in France when he suddenly broke from his tour group to chase a car.
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The Mind/Body Problem What is the relationship between the mind and the body? Does the mind control the body or the body control the mind? Is the mind nothing more than the body? Might the body itself be a product of the mind?
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Mind-Body / Phrenology
Franz Gall Variations in character correlate with variations in external craniological signs Bumps in the cranium relate to areas of the brain Unit I History and Approaches
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Dualism V. Monism Dualism suggests that the brain is physical and the mind is something else. Classical dualism - Descartes – the mind controls the body through the Pineal Gland Parallelism – mind and body are isolated and exist in separate worlds Epiphenomenalism - The brain causes the mind
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Dualism V. Monism Idealism/Solipsism - The mind and body both exist in a mental realm. Solipsism suggests that the whole world/universe exists in the mind Materialism - Mind and body are both physical. There is no non-physical, mental world.
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Evolution Dirk brings his family tree to class
Unit I History and Approaches
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Evolution - Charles Darwin
Natural Selection Promotes the survival of the fittest individuals Favorable heritable traits become more common in success generations Unfavorable traits become less common Unit I History and Approaches
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Evolution - Charles Darwin
Individuals do not evolve, species evolve. This happens through natural selection. Individuals best suited/adapted to a particular environment will survive and pass on their genes by reproducing more. The rest may die or reproduce less. Future generations will be better adapted to the environment (i.e. the species has evolved. Unit I History and Approaches
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Evolution and Psychology
Evolutionary psychology regards humans as subject to same evolutionary processes as other animals (continuity) Assumes that behavioral characteristics can be inherited just like physical ones Tries to explain human behavior/psychology in terms of evolutionary processes Unit I History and Approaches
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Psychology’s First Experiments
The Story of Psychology by Morton Hunt Psamtick I, King of Egypt Wanted to prove Egyptians were the most ancient race on earth Page 3 prologue
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Empiricism The belief that observation and experience are the basis of knowledge.
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Empiricism John Locke George Berkeley David Hume Francis Bacon
Challenged the view that knowledge is innate Knowledge is the result of experience and observation Development of rules of science Important to the development of scientific psychology John Locke George Berkeley David Hume Francis Bacon Unit I History and Approaches
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Structuralism Weaknesses Influenced by work of Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener Strengths The first major school of thought in psychology Strong influence on experimental psychology Weaknesses Concentration on consciousness Experimental methods were too subjective Concentration on internal behavior (introspection) Unit I History and Approaches
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Structuralism Wundt Titchener Unit I History and Approaches
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Functionalism William James Charles Darwin Influenced by work of
Sought to explain mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner Focused on the purposes of consciousness and behavior Major influence on Behaviorism Applied Psychology Strong influence on The educational system The philosophy of John Dewey The belief that children should learn at the level for which they are developmentally prepared Unit I History and Approaches
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Functionalism William James Unit I History and Approaches
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Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Köhler Kurt Koffka
Reaction to the reductionism of Wundt the word Gestalt means a unified or meaningful whole based on the observation that we often experience things that are not a part of our simple sensations Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Köhler Kurt Koffka Unit I History and Approaches
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phi phenomenon Examples:
Werthimer noted that we perceive motion where there is nothing more than a rapid sequence of individual sensory events. Experimented with lights flashing in rapid succession Examples: Christmas lights that blink off and on Neon signs in Las Vegas Basic principle of motion pictures – individual still pictures in rapid succession Unit I History and Approaches
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http://highered. mcgraw-hill
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Unconscious Influences
And that these unconscious urges, desires, and memories have a direct impact on our emotions and behavior Freud placed a great deal of emphasis on the sexual nature of the unconscious Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Conscious, subconscious, and unconscious Theory that much of our minds thinking and memory are not accessible to our awareness Unit I History and
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Behaviorism Reaction to Freud’s emphasis on the unconscious
Reaction to much of psychology which was not considered objective or scientific Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, Clark Hull, B.F. Skinner Theory that all behaviors are learned, or acquired through conditioning Behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states Unit I History and Approaches
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Cognitive Psychology George A Miller
Investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language Foundations in Gestalt psychology and Jean Piaget Ulric Neisser coined the term in 1967 In part a reaction to behaviorism George A Miller "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information“ (1956) Unit I History and Approaches
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Social Situations / Group Dynamics
Field Theory Looking at the factors (forces) that influence a situation, originally social situations Leadership and management Authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire work environments Kurt Lewin was one of the modern pioneers in Social psychology Organizational psychology Applied psychology Often seen as the founder of social psychology
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Early Contributors to Psychology
G. Stanley Hall (1882) Mary Whiton Calkins (1891) Margaret Floy Washburn (1894) Gilbert Haven Jones (1909) Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1916) Francis Cecil Sumner (1920) Unit I History and Approaches
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G. Stanley Hall Earned his doctorate in psychology with William James in 1878 Traveled to Leipzig to study with Wundt Developed what is considered the first American psychology laboratory (at Johns Hopkins University First President of the APA Instrumental in the founding of the APA Unit I History and Approaches
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Mary Whiton Calkins Harvard refused to grant her a doctoral degree unless she received it through Radcliffe opened one of the first psychological laboratories in the United States at Wellesley College in 1891. Became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association (1905) Unit I History and Approaches
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Margaret Floy Washburn
Allowed to audit classes at Columbia and work in James Cattell’s laboratory First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell 1894) Studied with Titchener Her book The Animal Mind (1908) suggested that mental processess of animals are a a legitimate area of study President of APA (1921) Unit I History and Approaches
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Gilbert Haven Jones One of first African Americans to earn a doctorate in psychology. Received his Ph.D. in psychology in Germany 1909 Unit I History and Approaches
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Francis Cecil Sumner First black man to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in America Established an independent psychology program at Howard University One of his students was Kenneth Clark whose studies were important in the Brown v Board of Education Unit I History and Approaches
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Preview Question 4: What are psychology’s levels of analysis and related perspectives?
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience or Biological (pinky) James Olds, Roger Sperry, David Hubel, Thorsten Wiesel How the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary Darwin, Wilson, David Buss How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic or psycho-analytic Freud, Jung, Adler How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral Pavlov, Watson, Skinner How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Cognitive George Miller, Ulric Niesser, Herbert Simon, Piaget, Chomsky How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-cultural Malinowski, John Berry, Patricia Greenfield How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? Humanistic Maslow, Rogers Self directed Focus on human experience What are people motivated to be?
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another. Preview Question 5: What are psychology’s main subfields?
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Data: APA 1997
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997
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Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
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