1. ersonality Unique and stable ways people think, feel, behave
Mastering11.3

2. Four Main Perspectives1
Psychodynamic 2
Behavioral 3
Humanistic
The psychodynamic perspective had its beginnings in the work of Sigmund Freud and still exists today. It focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. This perspective is also heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences.
The behaviorist perspective is based on the theories of learning as discussed in Chapter Six. This approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior.
The humanistic perspective first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives and focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development.
The trait perspective differs from the other three in its basic goals: The psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanistic perspectives all seek to explain the process that causes personality to form into its unique characteristics, whereas trait theorists are more concerned with the end result—the characteristics themselves. Although some trait theorists assume that traits are biologically determined, others make no such assumption. 4
Trait 2

3. Four Main Perspectives1
Psychodynamic 2
Behavioral 3
Humanistic
The psychodynamic perspective had its beginnings in the work of Sigmund Freud and still exists today. It focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. This perspective is also heavily focused on biological causes of personality differences.
The behaviorist perspective is based on the theories of learning as discussed in Chapter Six. This approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior.
The humanistic perspective first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives and focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development.
The trait perspective differs from the other three in its basic goals: The psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanistic perspectives all seek to explain the process that causes personality to form into its unique characteristics, whereas trait theorists are more concerned with the end result—the characteristics themselves. Although some trait theorists assume that traits are biologically determined, others make no such assumption. 4
Trait 3

4. Freud’s Psychodynamic View
Freud believed mind was divided into three parts.
Conscious mind - level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions.
Preconscious mind – level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious.
Unconscious mind - level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.

5. Freud’s Psychodynamic View
Some neurological disorders were the result of unresolved psychological problems in the unconscious.
Psychoanalysis was the technique used to treat these disorders.
Free association
Dream interpretation
“Freudian slips”
Condoleezza Rice, then National Security Advisor to President Bush stated, “As I was telling my husb—as I was telling President Bush.”
During a televised speech on education, Senator Ted Kennedy meant to say that "Our national interest ought to be to encourage the best and brightest.” Instead, Kennedy accidentally said breast - his hands even cupping the air as he said the word.

6. Freud’s Conception of the Mind
Conscious: Contact with outside world
Preconscious: Material just beneath the surface of awareness
Unconscious: Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness
The three divisions of the mind are the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The unconscious can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.
The three parts of the personality are the id, ego, and superego. The id works on the pleasure principle and the ego works on the reality principle. The superego is the moral center of personality, containing the conscience, and is the source of moral anxiety.
FIGURE: This iceberg represents the three levels of the mind. The part of the iceberg visible above the surface is the conscious mind. Just below the surface is the preconscious mind, everything that is not yet part of the conscious mind. Hidden deep below the surface is the unconscious mind, feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness. While two of the three parts of the personality (ego and superego) exist at all three levels of awareness, the id is completely in the unconscious mind.
Mastering11.6

7. Freud's Theory: Parts of Personality
Id – the part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.
Pleasure principle: principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences. ID
Pleasure Principle
Strives for immediate gratification

8. Freud's Theory: Parts of Personality
Superego - part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
Conscience: part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal.
Superego
Moral Compass
(conscience)
Strives for perfection, pride or guilt ID
Pleasure Principle
Strives for immediate gratification

9. Freud's Theory: Parts of Personality
Ego – the mostly conscious part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, rational, and logical.
Reality principle: principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result. ID
Pleasure Principle
Strives for immediate gratification
Ego
Reality Principle
Mediates between urges of Id and conscience of Superego
Superego
Moral Compass
(conscience)
Strives for perfection, pride or guilt

10. Freud’s Conception of the PersonalityID
Superego
Ego
Conscious: Contact with outside world
Preconscious: Material just beneath the surface of awareness
Unconscious: Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness
The three divisions of the mind are the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The unconscious can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.
The three parts of the personality are the id, ego, and superego. The id works on the pleasure principle and the ego works on the reality principle. The superego is the moral center of personality, containing the conscience, and is the source of moral anxiety.
FIGURE: This iceberg represents the three levels of the mind. The part of the iceberg visible above the surface is the conscious mind. Just below the surface is the preconscious mind, everything that is not yet part of the conscious mind. Hidden deep below the surface is the unconscious mind, feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness. While two of the three parts of the personality (ego and superego) exist at all three levels of awareness, the id is completely in the unconscious mind.
Mastering11.6

11. Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development
Psychosexual stages: five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

12. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Focus
Oral
(0 – 18 months)
Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
(18 – 36 months)
Pleasure focuses on the bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phalic
(3 – 6 years)
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous feelings
Latency
(6 to puberty)
A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital
(puberty on)
Maturation of sexual interests

13. Stages of Personality Development
Fixation: Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict
“Stuck” in stage of development
Psychosexual stages:
Five stages of personality
Tied to sexual development
Fixation occurs when conflicts are not fully resolved during a stage, resulting in adult personality characteristics reflecting childhood inadequacies.
M10.16

14. Psychological Defense Mechanisms
Psychological defense mechanisms: Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
The conflicts between the demands of the id and the rules and restrictions of the superego lead to anxiety for the ego, which uses defense mechanisms to deal with that anxiety.
Mastering11.7 and 11.8

15. Quiz over this on Thursday
AP Assignment:
Read Module 55 and complete the worksheet.
Due tomorrow
Psychology 1
Read pages in blue book & complete the guided reading sheet. Due Thursday
Quiz over this on Thursday

16. Assignment
Complete the guided reading sheet (due tomorrow)