1. Transcriptional Regulation1

2. 2

3. Activators-bind enhancer elements
Transcriptional Control—by Transcription Factors (DNA-binding proteins)
Activators-bind enhancer elements
Repressors-bind repressor elements (or ‘operator elements’, or ‘operators’ in bacteria) 3

4. Prokaryotic ‘Operons’
examples 4

5. Trp Operon-Biosynthesis
-10
-35 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. Lac Operon-Catabolism8

9. -35
-10 9

10. Lactose ON
-35
-10 10

11. Lactose ON
-35
-10
-10
-35 11

12. -35
-10 12

13. In the absence of glucose….
cAMP 13

14. -35
-10 14

15. ON 15

16. Eukaryotic Genes 16

17. -25 17

18. Combinatorial Control of Gene Expression18

20. 19

21. 20

22. induced Pluripotent Stem cell21

23. + Feedback 22

24. Regulatory protein 1 Off

25. Gene Silencing 23