2. Let us understand the basic process of chromatography….
Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their pure components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components.
Separation
and
Quantification
Separate
Quantify
Mixture
Components

3. Applications for Paper Chromatography
Preparatory
Analytical
Chromatography is used for:
Ink analysis
Forensic analysis
Pharmaceuticals
Dyes and pigments
Food colouring
Plant constituents ……………..

4. Separation of Ink components
Activity:
Ink is placed on filter paper (water bound in Cellulose stationary phase)
Solvent(mobile phase) is soaked up & passes through the filter paper
Mobile phase carries the ink components and causes separation based on the difference in migration rates.

5. Paper Chromatography Experiment
Which pen wrote the note?

6. Migration rates: Rf value
The distance travelled relative to the solvent is called the Rf value
Formula:
Rf = distance travelled by compound
distance travelled by solvent.
Thus, the higher the Rf value, the further the compound
will travel up the paper.
The Rf value is used to compare values similar values and
conclude that they are indeed the same compound.

7. Factors which will affect Rf value
Type of paper
Solvent composition
Temperature
Chamber saturation
Factors which will NOT affect Rf value
Solvent volume
Size of paper
Sample size

8. Types of Paper chromatography
Development methods based on direction of flow of mobile phase Descending Paper Chromatography Circular / Radial Paper Chromatography Multi-dimentional
Ascending
Descending
Circular
Multi-dimentional

9. Methods of detection UV chamber: densitometer
Spraying of chemical indicators: Ninhydrin
Iodine vapours

10. Pharmaceutical applications of paper chromatography: separation /identification
Amino acids and organic acids
Alkaloids
Polysaccharides
Proteins and peptides
Natural and artificial pigments
Inorganic cations
Plant extracts
Reaction monitoring
Isolation & Purification