1. Taft and Wilson
Chapter 16 Section 4
Standard: 7.3- Recognize the progress of political and social reform in America during this era.
Essential Question: What was Wilson’s New Freedom reform plan?
Auditorium

2. Morning Work August 22, 2016 Write the questions
1st Period
Agenda
Write the questions
What was the Hepburn Act?
Who wrote The Jungle?
Morning Work
Lecture: Taft and Wilson
Create campaign brochure

3. Morning Work August 22, 2016 Write the questions
3rd/4th Period
Agenda
Write the questions
What was the Hepburn Act?
Who wrote The Jungle?
Morning Work
Lecture: Taft and Wilson
Primary Source: TN Perfect 36

4. Election 1908 Republican: William Taft*
Democrat: William Jennings Bryan
President Roosevelt didn’t run for a third term, instead supporting William Howard Taft, a friend and advisor who, despite a more cautious view on reform, pledged loyalty to the Roosevelt program.
Upon his election, Taft worked to secure Roosevelt’s reforms rather than build upon them.
Taft worked to secure several reforms, such as creating a Labor Department to enforce labor laws and increasing national forest reserves.
Taft’s administration is also credited with the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment, which granted Congress the power to levy taxes based on individual income. Progressives supported a nationwide income tax as a way to pay for government programs more fairly.

5. Roosevelt Supports Taft

6. Taft Becomes President

7. Progressivism under Taft
Taft’s administration- 16th Amendment
Income tax
Taft supported other progressive measures: safety codes for mines/railroads & the creation of the Federal Children’s Bureau.

8. Trouble in Taft’s Presidency
Tariff Trouble
Conservation Trouble
Taft signed the Payne- Aldrich Tariff into law.
Progressives were outraged.
1910: Richard Ballinger allowed business leaders to illegally buy millions of acres of protected land in Alaska.
Gifford Pinchot accused Ballinger.
Taft fired Pinchot, not Ballinger.
Roosevelt refused to support Taft.
President Taft lost the support of most of the Progressive Republicans, despite the reforms he helped secure.
In April 1909, Congress passed a bill on tariffs, or taxes charged on import and export goods.
The House passed a version that lowered tariffs on imports, but the Senate added so many amendments that it became a high-tariff bill instead.
Taft nevertheless signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law.
Progressives were outraged because they saw tariff reduction as a way to lower consumer goods prices.
1910: Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger let business leaders illegally buy millions of acres of protected public land in Alaska.
When Gifford Pinchot, head of the U.S. Forest Service, accused Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot, not Ballinger.
Progressives thought this showed Taft was not committed to conservation, and Roosevelt refused to support Taft from that point on.

9. Ballinger-Pinchot Ballinger: Secretary of Interior
Pinchot: Head of U.S. Forestry
Ballinger: Secretary of Interior
Both Congress and the president conducted investigations and concluded that Ballinger had acted properly in the Alaskan coal matter. Pinchot was dismissed for insubordination, having criticized Ballinger openly and Taft indirectly. Pinchot had clearly violated administration rules by corresponding directly with a member of Congress, rather than going through his superior.

10. Election 1912 Bull Moose: Roosevelt Republican: Taft Democrat: Wilson*
In the 1910 congressional elections, Roosevelt campaigned for the Progressive Republican who opposed Taft.
Roosevelt proposed a program called the New Nationalism, a set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business.
Reformers loved the New Nationalism, but Roosevelt’s help wasn’t enough to secure a Republican victory.
Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 16 years.
By the presidential election of 1912, the Republican Party was split.
The Republican party nominated President Taft as its candidate, outraging Progressive Republicans. The Progressives split to form their own party, the New Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party, with Roosevelt as its candidate.
With the Republicans split, Democrat Woodrow Wilson easily took the election, receiving almost 350 more electoral votes than Roosevelt and over 400 more than Taft.

11. Teddy Roosevelt and Bull Moose
New Nationalism
Woman suffrage, 8-hour workday, prohibition of child labor, and minimum wage standards for working women.

13. Wilson’s New Freedom Wilson’s New Freedom: Underwood Tariff Act
tariff reductions
banking reform
and stronger antitrust legislation
Underwood Tariff Act
October 1913
Reduced tariffs to their lowest in 50 years
graduated income tax
Wilson, former governor of New Jersey, was a zealous reformer who had fought political machines, approved of direct primaries, and enacted a compensation program for injured workers.
During his presidential campaign, Wilson proposed an ambitious plan of reform called the New Freedom, which called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation.
Wilson’s first priority as president was to lower tariffs, and he even appeared at a joint session of Congress to campaign for this, which no president had done since John Adams.
In October 1913, Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Act, which lowered taxes to their lowest level in 50 years.
Tariff reduction meant the government had less income, so to make up for it, the act also introduced a graduated income tax.
The income tax taxed people according to their income, and wealthy people paid more than poor or middle-class people.

14. Banking Reform Passed in 1913
Federal Reserve Act
Passed in 1913
Created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic.
Created a three-tier banking system
At the top was the Federal Reserve Board, a group of officials appointed by the president and charged with running the system.
In this level, 12 Federal Reserve banks served other banks instead of individuals.
On the last level, private banks served people and borrowed from the Federal Reserve as needed.
President Wilson’s next target was the banking system.
At that time, banking failures were common, and banks collapsed when too many people withdrew their deposits at the same time.
People needed access to their money without fear of bank failure.
Wilson’s answer was the 1913 Federal Reserve Act, which created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic.
The Act created a three-tier banking system.
The Federal Reserve Act put the nation’s banking system under the supervision of the federal government for the first time.

15. Federal Reserve Board Members
Federal Reserve Act
Federal Reserve Board Members
12 Federal Reserve Banks- served banks
Private Banks- served people

16. Stronger Antitrust Laws
Clayton Antitrust Act
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Passed in 1914
Replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act
Passed in 1915
Enforced antitrust laws
Created a government agency to provide regulatory oversight over business activity
Though Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to limit the power of monopolies, lax enforcement and loopholes allowed many unfair business practices to go on.
Wilson had two solutions to these problems.
CAA: Prohibited companies from buying the stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly.
Supported workers by making strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal for the first time.

17. Women Gain the Vote National Woman’s Party (1916)
constitutional amendment giving women the vote.
19th Amendment: granted women right to vote- ratified in 1920
During Wilson’s presidency, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) favored a state-by-state approach to win the vote.
Suffragists growing frustrated broke from the NAWSA and formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.
By 1901, just four western states gave women full voting rights and, frustrated, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns broke from NAWSA to form the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.
Renamed the National Woman’s Party in 1916, the group focused on passing a federal constitutional amendment giving women the vote.
Paul and Burns used British suffrage tactics like picketing the White House and hunger strikes, bringing renewed attention to the cause.
The NWP picketed the White House in Jan. 1917, chaining themselves to the railings. Some went on hunger strikes in prison. Meanwhile, several eastern states held referendums on suffrage and, though none of the motions passed, the NAWSA grew to nearly 2 million.
The NAWSA finally started to campaign on both state and federal levels, and the participation of women in the World War I efforts helped weaken opposition to suffrage.
Early in 1919, the House of Representatives passed the 19th amendment by a vote of 304 to 90, and the Senate approved it 56 to 25. Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan were the first states to ratify it. On August 18, 1920, it appeared that Tennessee had ratified the amendment--

18. Amendment Ratified in TN
Early in 1919, the House of Representatives passed the 19th amendment by a vote of 304 to 90, and the Senate approved it 56 to 25. Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan were the first states to ratify it. On August 18, 1920, it appeared that Tennessee had ratified the amendment--
Tennessee became the 36th state to approve the amendment- so called Perfect 36. The key “yes” vote came from 24yr old legislator Henry Burn, who said he had voted for the amendment b/c his mother urged him to give women the right to vote.

19. Friday, January 30, 2015
Test

20. Morning Work August 29 , 2013 Morning Work Write the questions
Lecture: Taft and Wilson
Women Suffrage Map
Jeopardy
TEST: Friday
Progressivism
Women and Public Life
Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Taft and Wilson
Write the questions
What was the Hepburn Act?
Who wrote The Jungle?

21. Morning Work February 1, 2012 WRITE QUESTIONS
What was the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair?
What is the 16th Amendment?
Morning Work
Lecture: Taft and Wilson
Map: Women Suffrage
Jeopardy
TEST: THURSDAY

22. Morning Work Write the questions What was Wilson’s New Freedom?
What was the Underwood Tariff Act?
What was the goal of the Federal Reserve Act?
Morning Work Lecture: Taft and Wilson Jeopardy TEST:FRIDAY!!
9/17