1. Preview p. 100
Which of the following correlation coefficients presents the strongest relationship between the variables? weakest?
a. .02
b. -.67
c. .55
d. -.14

2. Statistical Reasoningpp

3. Statistical Reasoning
0= absolutely do not like at all
5= neither like nor dislike
10= completely and totally like

4. How you feel about using computers

5. Computers Where is the center? How spread out is the set of scores?
What is the range?
Do the scores cluster?

6. How you feel about chocolate

7. How you feel about watching football on Television

8. Frequency Distribution
Gathering data and arranging the information to indicate how often a score occurs
Bar or line graph

9. Measures of Central Tendency
Mean: the average numerical value of all presented data
Median: the numerical value that appears in the middle of all presented data
Mode: the numerical value that appears most often in the presented data

10. Measures of Central Tendency
Mode (occurs the most)
Mean (arithmetic average)
Median (middle score)

11. Measures of Central Tendency

12. Measures of Variability
Range: the difference of the numerical value of all given scores arranged from highest to lowest
Standard Deviation (SD): the variability between scores and how far each diverges from the average/mean

13. Measures of Variability
Normal Curve (bell shaped)

14. Correlation
Correlation Coefficient: a numerical value demonstrating the strength or weakness of the relationship between two or more variables or factors
Correlation scale is to -1.00
Positive correlation occurs when both variables or factors move in the dame direction
Negative correlation occurs when one variable or factor increases and the other decreases

15. Inferential Statistics
Representative samples are better than biased samples.
Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable.
More cases are better than fewer

16. Statistical Significance
The resulting correlation is not influenced by chance.
Reliable and valid
Less than 5% due to chance

17. M & M’s Sampling Select an “intact random sample”
Estimate the actual distribution of M&M’s colors

18. M & M’s Sampling
Open your bag, count each color, and make a simple graph of the distribution
Convert raw data into percentages to form a hypothesis about the actual population

19. M & M’s Population 13% brown 13% red 14% yellow 24% blue 20% orange
16% green

20. Ethical Guidelines Informed consent
Debriefing: goals and results of study
Protection of Participants: No psychological or physical harm; Confidentiality
Deception: as little as possible
Option of withdrawal

21. Ethical Guidelines
Cost-benefit analysis: Does the potential benefit of the study to society outweigh the potential costs to participants?

22. Cultural Norms
Hissing is a polite way to show respect for superiors in Japan
In Thailand, the polite way to say “no” is to giggle
In many societies where hunger is endemic, fat women are viewed as much more attractive than slender women

23. Does behavior vary with gender?
Men and women, although overwhelmingly similar, are not the same...
Men are more likely to hiccup
More boys sleepwalk than girls
Women have smellier armpits
Women are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s

24. Animal Rights
Utilitarian Argument: Just as differences in intelligence, race, and gender are not valid criteria to exploit other humans, a creatures species’s is equally irrelevant
Fundamental Rights: Animals have the right to be treated with respect and the right not to be harmed; “inherent value”

25. Interrogation and the Use of Torture
“Conducting an interrogation is an inherently psychological endeavor, because understanding an individual’s psychology, motivations, and culture are central to forming a relationship and building rapport.”
Torture: cruel, inhumane, degrading treatment.
Unethical interrogation: mock execution, waterboarding, sexual humiliation, rape, cultural or religious humiliation, exploitation of phobia, use of mind-altering substances, forced nakedness, stress positions, physical assault, threats of harm or death, isolation, sleep deprivation - U.N. Convention Against Torture and Geneva Conventions

26. Psychological Harm
“Psychologists are absolutely prohibited from knowingly planning, designing, or participating in or assisting in the use of all condemned techniques at any time and may not enlist others to employ these techniques in order to circumvent this resolution’s prohibition.” - APA

27. Is Psychology Free of Value Judgments?

28. Process p.100
Were any of the Frequently Asked Questions in the chapter your questions?
Do you have other questions or concerns about psychology?