1. Ch. 37 Respiration, Circulation, Excretion 37.1 The Respiratory System
I. Pathway (Be able to draw)
A. mouth/ nose
B. trachea
C. bronchi and bronchioles
D. alveoli
E. Role of cilia and mucus
Animation:

2. II. Diffusion of gases
A. alveoli
Oxygen diffuses into blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli and is exhaled.
B. blood transports gasses
Discuss: Where is oxygen concentration highest when you breathe in (the alveoli or the blood)?

3. III. Mechanics of breathing
A. diaphragm
B. rib cage muscles (contract and cause rib cage to rise when inhaling)
C. alveoli= elastic (what is emphysema?) Animation of smoking-induced emphysema

4. IV. Control of Respiration A. medulla oblongata in brain
1. responds to higher levels of carbon dioxide in blood and causes breathing rate to increase
anti-smoking ad tracheotomy

5. 37.2 The Circulatory system (also called Cardiovascular system)
I. Blood components
A. plasma= the fluid, color of straw
B. Red blood cells—carry oxygen
hemoglobin = an iron containing protein. It carries oxygen!
C. White blood cells— defend body (immune system)
D. Platelets—cell fragments that aid in clotting along with fibrin protein fibers that form a web to trap blood cells.

6. White blood cell electron microscope image

7. II. Blood types
A. Determined by antigens on red blood cells
1. A= type A surface protein
2. B= type B surface protein
3. O= no surface antigen
4. What about AB?
B. Your body makes antibodies against foreign antigens.
C. if you get the wrong blood type transfused, antibodies attack the antigens and cause clumping.
D Rh factor (Rhesus Factor)
1. Rh positive= has Rh antigen on blood cells
2. Rh negative= no Rh antigen
3. complications in pregnancy if mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive. Complications occur during 2nd pregnancy. (treatments available to remove mother’s antibodies)

8. A. arteries—carry oxygenated blood away from heart
III. Blood vessels
A. arteries—carry oxygenated blood away from heart
B. arterioles -small arteries
C. capillaries— deliver oxygen and nutrients & pick up wastes.
D. Venules – small veins
E. veins—return deoxygenated blood to heart
C:\Documents and Settings\BBAUGHMAN\Desktop\bio powerpoints\Chapter 37 BDOL IC
Stent Angioplasty to open up an artery.

9. 1. right atrium—receives blood from body through venae cavae
IV. Heart
A. four chambers
1. right atrium—receives blood from body through venae cavae
2. right ventricle—pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries (only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood)
3. left atrium—receives blood from 4 pulmonary veins
4. left ventricle—pumps through largest artery, the aorta.
heart
heart

10. Circulation Summary

11.
Perform a simulated heart transplant
Perform open heart surgery
heart attack

12. B. heartbeat regulation (medulla oblongata monitors blood pressure and controls heart rate by controlling pacemaker)
1. pulse- surge of blood through an artery
2. pacemaker= bundle of nerve cells at top of right atrium
a. creates electrical signal that causes both atria to contract at almost same time.
b. 2nd set of nerve cells (atrioventricular node) causes ventricles to contract
c. An ECG (electrocardiograph) measures these electrical signals.

13. C. Blood pressure= force exerted on arteries.
1. systolic = when ventricles contract (high number)
2. diastolic = when ventricles relaxed (low number)

14. 37.3 Urinary System (Excretory system)
I. Kidneys—filter blood and remove wastes
A. The nephron—kidney made of about 1 million of these. They are filters.
1. glomerulus
2. Bowman’s capsule
3. Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle= U-shaped tubule (helps concentrate urine)
5. distal convoluted tubule
6. Collecting duct
7. each kidney connected to a tube called a ureter that leads to urinary bladder.
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