1. Hindu and Buddhist Rulers along the Silk Roads of Asia, 100–1000 C.E.
Chapter 8
Hindu and Buddhist Rulers along the Silk Roads of Asia, 100–1000 C.E.
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2. Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 4)
Explain the significance of the travel accounts provided by Ennin for both Japanese and Chinese history
Summarize the changes within Buddhism in India after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire
Describe the rise of Hinduism and its relationship to the political states of northern and southern India
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3. Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 4)
Discuss the spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sanskrit literacy to the inland kingdoms such as the Angkor dynasty
Outline the introduction of Buddhism into China and its modification to suit Chinese culture
Summarize the innovations of the Tang dynasty in China’s economic, legal, religious, and educational systems
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4. Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 4)
Identify the factors that caused the slow decline of the Tang dynasty
Discuss the relationship between the Korean kingdoms and Japan during the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties
Describe the development of the Koguryo and Silla kingdoms
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5. Learning Objectives (Slide 4 of 4)
Identify the aspects of the Chinese blueprint for empire that Korea and Japan borrowed, modified, and ignored
Describe the Yamato dynasty and the rise of Japan
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6. Portrait of Ennin
In 838, the Japanese monk Ennin joined a Japanese delegation that was the last of nearly twenty official delegations sent to China by the Japanese government.
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7. The Travels of Ennin (Slide 1 of 2)
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8. The Travels of Ennin (Slide 2 of 2)
Ennin traveled on overland routes known today as the Silk Routes
Conduits for pilgrims and also for merchants, soldiers, and refugees fleeing dangerous areas
Travel supported the rise of Buddhism and Hinduism
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9. Buddhism, Hinduism, and Indian Rulers, 100–1000
Rise of greater vehicle teachings in Buddhism
Buddhists no longer had to join the order to achieve enlightenment
Older form is known as the Lesser Vehicle (Hinayana), or “Tradition of the Elders”
Later, prayed to bodhisattvas, a being headed for Buddhahood who postpones it to help others
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10. The Rise of Greater Vehicle Teachings in Buddhism
Buddhists believed in transferring merit from one person to another
Gifts to a Buddhist monastery or paying someone to recite a text can transfer merit
Buddhists began to stay in monasteries and were supported by gifts from kings and wealthy merchants
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11. The Rise of Hinduism, 300–900 C.E.
The Gupta dynasty, controlled much of north India between 320 and 600
Gupta dynasty gave many grants of land to Brahmins
Brahmins worshipped Shiva and Vishnu
Brahmin priests played an important role in Hindu worship
Developed a personal tie between the devout and the deity known as bhakti
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12. The Beginnings of the Chola Kingdom, ca. 900 (Slide 1 of 2)
Tamil-speaking Chola kingdom was located in south India
Rich agricultural land and rice harvests supported thousands of Brahmin in the temple at Tanjore
Brahmin performed rituals, memorized texts, taught local boys in schools
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13. The Beginnings of the Chola Kingdom, ca. 900 (Slide 2 of 2)
Hindu temples usually had a womb room, or innermost chamber
Held the lingam, or stone phallus
Symbolized the female and male generative powers, which had to be combined
Abstractly, it stood for all the creative forces in the cosmos
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14. Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore, with Womb Room
Rajaraja I built this temple to Shiva at Tanjore (left photo).
The innermost sanctuary of the Hindu temple, the womb room, held the lingam, on which devotees placed offerings (right photo).
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15. Buddhism, Hinduism, and Southeast Asian Rulers, 300–1000
Southeast Asia includes land in subtropical Asia and about 20,000 Pacific islands
Travel between islands was easier than travel between land communities
Small populations lived in isolation, separated by forests and mountains
Monsoon rains brought water in the summer stored for the rest of the year
Until the introduction of Hinduism, the basic social structure was egalitarian
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16. The Buddhist Kingdoms Along the Trade Routes
Well established trade routes
Affected by prevailing winds
Two Buddhist kingdoms along the sea routes between India and China
Discovery of a new route between China and India
Kingdom of Srivijaya along the route supported travelers, sailors, merchants
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17. The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism to Southeast Asia
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18. Borobudur: A Buddhist Monument in Java, Indonesia
The largest Buddhist monument in the world is at Borobudur on the island of Java in Indonesia. A single Buddha sits at the top of a base and five platform levels.
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19. Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast Asia, 300–1000 (Slide 1 of 3)
Prior to the introduction of Buddhism in the area, ca. 300–600 C.E., the region was dominated by local men of prowess
They used military skills and intelligence to become leaders of tribes
People were loyal to a given individual, not to a dynasty
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20. Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast Asia, 300–1000 (Slide 2 of 3)
Natural world consisted of spirits inhabiting trees, rocks, natural objects
Rituals were performed to communicate with these spirits
After the fourth century, literate outsiders came into the area bringing the ability to read and write in Sanskrit
Those literate in Sanskrit were called purohita, or chief priest
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21. Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast Asia, 300–1000 (Slide 3 of 3)
Jayavarman II, r. 802–850, in the lower Mekong basin in Cambodia
Beginning of the Angkor dynasty
New Shiva temples were built at the location of local shrines
If there was a sacred rock at the local shrine, it could become the lingam of a Shiva temple
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22. Using a Statue to Trace the Spread of Buddhism
This statue, found in southern Cambodia, bears the oldest inscription in Pali, a Sanskritic language, found so far in all of Southeast Asia. The text dates the image to the late 600s.
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23. Buddhism and the Revival of Empire in China, 100–1000
Buddhism in China, 100–589 C.E.
Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han dynasty, before 100 C.E.
An effective early missionary was a central Asian man named Fotudeng
Chinese first converted to Buddhism because they believed Buddha performed miracles
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24. Buddhism in China, 100–589 C.E.
One obstacle to the spread of Buddhism was its insistence on celibacy
Chinese parents were reluctant to allow their children to become celibate
Some allowed one child to convert and transfer merit to other children
By 600, Buddhism firmly entrenched
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25. China Reunified, 589–907 (Slide 1 of 2)
China reunified under the Sui dynasty in 589
The Tang dynasty succeeded the Sui
Tang founder’s son, Taizong, overthrew his father in a coup in 626
Developed a comprehensive law code, the Tang Code, which laid out the equal-field system
Basis of the Tang dynasty tax system
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26. China Reunified, 589–907 (Slide 2 of 2)
Tang education was also reformed, based on Confucianism
Emperor Wu was the only woman to rule China in her own name
In 690 Emperor Wu proclaimed a new dynasty named the Zhou
In 705 she was overthrown in a palace coup that restored the Tang dynasty
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27. The Long Decline of the Tang Dynasty, 755–907 (Slide 1 of 2)
First half of the Tang dynasty, 618–755, was prosperous and successful
Second half of the Tang dynasty, 755–907, was one of slow decline
Despite decline, an important discovery
Woodblock printing: printers made an image in reverse on a block of wood and then pressed the block onto sheets of paper
An efficient way to print Chinese texts
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28. The Long Decline of the Tang Dynasty, 755–907 (Slide 2 of 2)
In 907, the last Tang emperor was deposed and the dynasty ended
China broke apart into regional dynasties until 960 when it was reunited
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29. Layout of Chang’an and Heian (Kyoto)
Many rulers in East Asia followed Tang models very closely as illustrated in these city plans of Chang’an, the Tang capital, and Kyoto, the Heian capital.
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30. The World’s First Printed Book
This copy of The Diamond Sutra, printed with woodblocks in 868, is the world’s earliest printed book. Chinese printing technology reproduced line drawings and characters equally well.
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31. The Tibetan Empire, ca. 617–ca. 842 (Slide 1 of 2)
Tibetan plateau is a high altitude grassland used for raising horses
Tibet was first unified between 620 and 650 under Songsten Gampo
In 763, the Tibetan army invaded Chang’an
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32. The Tibetan Empire, ca. 617–ca. 842 (Slide 2 of 2)
In 842, the Tibetan confederation broke up
Tibetan experience demonstrates the utility of the Sui/Tang model of governance for a people in the early stages of state formation
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33. Buddhism and the Tang Blueprint for Rule in Korea and Japan, to 1000
Buddhism and regional kingdoms in Korea
Korea was divided into several chiefdoms, three of which became significant states
Three Kingdoms period started in 313
The Korean rulers adopted crucial elements of the Tang blueprint for rule during the Three Kingdoms period
Korean people prayed to local deities and nature spirits.
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34. Buddhism and Regional Kingdoms in Korea
Silla: kingdom that adopted Buddhism
United with the Tang dynasty in 660
Korea united for the first time in 668 after defeating Koguryo and Paekche kingdoms
Some elements of the Tang blueprint were at odds with the highly stratified Korean society’s bone-rank system
Silla kingdom entered a period of decline after 780
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35. Korea and Japan, ca. 550
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36. A Formidable Korean Warrior
This mounted cavalry soldier, a ceramic figurine from the Korean peninsula made in the fifth or sixth century, displays the most up-to-date weaponry and armor of his time.
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37. The Emergence of Japan (Slide 1 of 2)
Japan: four large islands; many small ones
Japan had no indigenous writing system, so written sources date from 720 and later
Native religion of Japan was Shinto
Soga clan were the main supporters of Buddhism in Japan
Prince Shotoku sent the first Japanese delegation to China in 600
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38. The Emergence of Japan (Slide 2 of 2)
In 701, the Tang blueprint for rule was instituted
Chinese influence evident in changing architecture in Japan
Another influence: smallpox epidemic in the 720s and 730s
Kana: an alphabet that was written as words were pronounced
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39. Horyuji Pagoda, Nara, Japan
Built before 794, this five-story pagoda is possibly one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world.
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40. Chapter Timeline
EVENT
APPROXIMATE DATES (CE)
Spread of Christianity
Circa 50 to after 1000
Silla kingdom in south Korea
Before 100 to 935
Kushan empire in India, Buddhist missionaries
Circa 100 to 260
Six Dynasties in China
220 to 589
Ruler in China converts to Buddhism
310
Gupta empire (Hindu) in India
320 to circa 600
Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra
350 to 1000
Silla ruler in Korea converts to Buddhism
527
Yamato rulers in Japan convert to Buddhism
587
Sui dynasty in China
589 to 618
Tang dynasty in China
618 to 907
Spread of Islam
622 to after 1000
Nara period in Japan
710 to 794
Lifetime of Ennin
793 to 864
Heian period in Japan
794 to after 1000
Angkor Kingdom in Southeast Asia
802 to after 1000
Chola kingdom in south India
907 to 1000
Table description: Events and approximate dates as shown on the timeline.
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