1. Assembly Programming
Notes for Practical 1 1

2. COS212 Architecture Lecturer: Prof IM Venter Practical Assistants:
Andre Henney, Toufeeq Allie & Andries Kruger

3. About the Practicals Covering the Assembly Language
Assembly for Intel-Based Computers
Fourth edition Kip R. Irvine
Also the slides help a lot and check website
7 Practicals
Consult Course outline for dates and website for more information
Practicals 3rd, 4th and 5th period every Wednesday.
Homework Due Next Wednesday
NO late Submissions
Expect Surprise Tests

4. Programming Languages

5. Machine Language
"... is a numeric language that is specifically understood by computer's processor (CPU)..." - consists purely of numbers:
eg:
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? 5

6. What is Assembly Language?
A programming language that is easier for humans to understand, but slightly less efficient for computers to process.
Uses names and hexadecimal pointers instead of binary numbers. 6

7. What is Assembly Language? (cont)‏
A machine-orientated language in which mnemonics are used to represent each machine-language instruction. E.g. ADD, MOV, SUB, MUL etc, which represent machine language sequences (011000)‏

8. Translating Languages
English: Display the sum of A times B plus C.
Java: System.out.println(A * B + C);
Assembly Language:
mov ax,A
mul B
add ax,C
call WriteInt
Intel Machine Language: A F E 8

9. Download Prac 1 Go to www.cs.uwc.ac.za/~masm/ Download Masm615.exe
Right click on Masm615.exe and select save link as
Save the file to C:/
Install Masm615, by double left click on executable 9

10. Starting Dos Click On Start Then type CMD
Create a Prac 1 folder on C:\ or n your flash drive (recommended).
On MS-DOS prompt, type the command
C:\> mkdir prac1 and press Enter.
Create and save your practical 1 files in Prac1 folder. 10

11. A full program looks like:11

12. What is a Batch file? Similar to a Makefile in unix
It is a text file with the extension .BAT that contains DOS commands.
Reduces repetitive typing by executing a batch of commands. 12

13. Make32 Make32.bat To Compile: make32.bat “filename” in CMD.
Note: Remove (omit) the .asm extension 13

14. Make32 Make32 /Zi filename.asm ; include debugging information
Make32 /Fl filename.asm ; produce a listing file (prac1.lst)
Make32 /Fm filename.asm ; produce a map file (prac1.map)
Make32 /Zm filename.asm ; use MASM compatibility mode 14

15. Make32
The following command assembles filename.asm and links filename.obj to the link library linkfile.lib in the C:\MASM615 directory:
Make32 /Zi /Zm /Fm /Fl filename.asm /link /co c:\MASM615\<linkfile> 15

16. Hello World Open Notepad / Notepad++ / Textpad Select File – Save As
Save as type – All Files
File name “hello”.asm
Save the file in prac1 16

17. Why Assembly language? Java: public class Hello{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World"); }
C++:
int main(void){
cout << "Hello world\n" << endl;
Java and C++ obviously much easier; so why? 17

18. Hello World title Hello World programme
; ALWAYS include the following lines ; Name: <Dane Brown> (Replace with your own name) ; Purpose: This program displays "Hello world" ; Date: <Today's date> (Insert todays date)
include irvine32.inc ; from Irvine CDROM 18

19. Hello World stack 100h .data
HelloString db "Hello, world", 0 ;message to write
.code
main proc 19

20. Hello World mov edx, offset HelloString
invoke WriteString ; Write to cmd
exit ; irvine.inc: a macro that calls ExitProcess
main endp
end main 20

21. Possible Instructions
Copy
Move
Delete (del)‏

22. GOOD LUCK! The Basics are over
The next few slides explain registers in detail and can be read in your own time.
GOOD LUCK!

23. Segment Registers
CS Code Segment 32-bit number that points to the active code-segment
DS Data Segment 32-bit number that points to the active data-segment
SS Stack Segment 32-bit number that points to the active stack-segment
ES Extra Segment 32-bit number that points to the active extra-segment 23

24. Pointer Registers
IP Instruction Pointer 32-bit number that points to the offset of the next instruction
SP Stack Pointer 32-bit number that points to the offset that the stack is using
BP Base Pointer used to pass data to and from the stack 24

25. General-Purpose Registers
AX Accumulator Register mostly used for calculations and for input/output
BX Base Register Only register that can be used as an index
CX Count Register used for the loop instruction
DX Data Register input/output and used by multiply and divide 25

26. Index Registers SI Source Index used by string operations as source
DI Destination Index used by string operations as destination 26

27. Explanation:
.model small : Lines that start with a "." are used to provide the assembler with information. The word(s) behind it say what kind of info. In this case it just tells the assembler the program is small and doesn't need a lot of memory. I'll get back on this later.
.stack : Another line with info. This one tells the assembler that the "stack" segment starts here. The stack is used to store temporary data. It isn't used in the program, but it must be there, because we make an .EXE file and these files MUST have a stack. 27

28. Explanation:
.data : indicates that the data segment starts here and that the stack segment ends there.
.code : indicates that the code segment starts there and the data segment ends there.
main proc : Code must be in procedures, just like in Java or any other language. This indicates a procedure called main starts here. main endp states that the procedure is finished. Procedures MUST have a start and end. end main : tells the assembler that the program is finished. It also tells the assembler were to start the program. At the procedure called main in this case. 28

29. Explanation:
message db "xxxx" : DB means Define Byte and so it does. In the data-segment it defines a couple of bytes. These bytes contain the information between the brackets. "Message" is a name to indentify this byte-string. It's called an "identifier".mov ax, seg message : AX is a register. 29

30. Explanation:
MOV is an instruction that moves data. It can have a few "operands". Here the operands are AX and seg message. Seg message can be seen as a number. It's the number of the segment "message" is in (The data-segment) We have to know this number, so we can load the DS register with it. Else we can't get to the bit-string in memory. We need to know WHERE the bit- string is located in memory. The number is loaded in the AX register. MOV always moves data to the operand left of the comma and from the operand right of the comma. 30

31. Explanation:
mov ds,ax : The MOV instruction again. Here it moves the number in the AX register (the number of the data segment) into the DS register. We have to load this DS register this way (with two instructions) Just typing: "mov ds,segment message" isn't possible.
mov ah, 09 : MOV again. This time it load the AH register with the constant value nine.

32. Explanation:
lea dx, message : LEA Load Effective Address. This instructions stores the offset within the datasegment of the bit-string message into the DX register. This offset is the second thing we need to know, when we want to know where "message" is in the memory. So now we have DS:DX. See the segment explanation above.