1. BIOCHEMISTRY OF CELL
L NO.3

2. INTRODUCTION Major function of cell- metabolic activities
Anabolic reaction- biosynthesis of a new cellular material takes place.
Catabolic Reaction- complex product is hydrolyzed & broken down into smaller & simpler molecules.

3. BASIC CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CELL
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Enzymes

4. CARBOHYDRATES

5. ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES To provide energy
Monosaccharide like glucose is main substrate for synthesis of ATP.
In mammals, disacch. Lactose present in milk provides energy to their babies.
Polysacch,… serve as structural component of cell membrane, cell wall ( cellulose) & reserve stored material (starch).

6. PROTEINS
Long chain of A.A
One end-amino -NH2
Other end - C-terminal

7. List of Amino acids

8. Classification of Proteins (Nature)
Simple Proteins
Conjugated
Composed of simple amino acids.
Eg: histones, zein- maize
Simple proteins + nonprotein part.
Nucleoproteins- proteins + nucleic acids
Glycoproteins- pro+ Carb-ohydrates
Chromoproteins- pro+pigments

9. Proteins Role
Act as:
Enzymes- all enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not enzymes. Eg- amylase
Hormones- insulin, growth hormone are proteins

10. Classification of Proteins (Structure)
Contractile Proteins
Transport Proteins
Defensive Proteins
Occurs in muscles
Eg: Myosin
Useful in transportation of material
Eg: Haemoglobin-transfers O2
Myoglobin-transfers-O2 in muscles.
Protection of body against diseases
Eg: Antibodies, thrombin-blood clot
On basis of structure

11. LIPIDS
Coined by BLOOR
They are group of organic components having oily or greasy consistency.
Fats, oils, steroids, waxes are lipids.
Fats in animal is in solid state while in plants it is liquid state, hence called oils.
Waxes are produced by both plants & animals.
Insoluble in water, soluble in polar solvents like benzene, chloroform etc
Composed of C,H,O generally & compound lipids have N,S,P.

12. Classification of Lipids
Simple- Saturated – single bond- eg: Palmitic acid
Unsaturated- double bond- eg:oleic acid
Derieved-Steroid- eg: cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones
Waxes- plant & animal wax
Carotenoids- eg- α & β carotene, xanthophyll
Compound- eg- phospholipds,
glycerophospholipid
glycolipid

13. Simple lipids These are esters of fatty acids with alcohol.
Glycerol is 3 carbon alcohol with 3 –OH groups.
Depending upon no of fatty acid group attached glycerides are of following type: Mono-glyceride
Di-glyceride
Tri-glyceride
Fatty acid is a long chain of C atoms with carboxyl group at one end.

14. Compound Lipids Fatty acid+ alcohol+ N/P/S/proteins.
Eg: phospholipids, Glycerophospholipids, glycolipids
Phospholipids are imp for cell memrane

15. NUCLEIC ACID 2 Types: a) DNA b) RNA Composed of Nucleotides
Nucleotides= Ribose/deoxyribose +
Nitrogenous base +
Phosphoric acid

16. Nucleotide & Nucleoside

17. N bases

18. Structure of DNA

19. RNA

20. Types of RNA

21. ENZYMES Reaction Small Amount Active site of enzyme Amphoteric Nature
Specificity
Colloidal nature
Enzyme optima

22. Active site of enzyme

23. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature pH
Substrate Concentration
Inhibitors- Competitive
Non- competitive

24. Competitive & Non Competitive Inhibitors

25. TYPES OF ENZYMES

26. CO-FACTORS
Non protein constituents which make an enzyme catalytically active is called cofactor.
They are also called as Prosthetic group( non protein part) Eg :Vitamins

27. CONCEPT OF METABOLISM
The sum total of all biochemical processes is called metabolism.

28. THANKYOU