1. Macromolecules
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2. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.

4. Macromolecules Large organic molecules.
called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller repeating “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5. Question: How Are Macromolecules Made?

6. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”.
Answer: Dehydration Synthesis HO H
H2O HO H

7. Question: How are Macromolecules broken down?

8. Separates monomers by “adding water”
Answer: Hydrolysis HO H
H2O HO H

9. Carbohydrates

10. Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The monomer of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are simple sugars
Glucose and fructose are two examples of monosaccharide isomers
Characteristics of Carbohydrates

11. Representing Molecules
When these simple sugar monomers are represented, the atoms in the ring are not usually shown
Same as

12. Forming Carbohydrates
In forming carbohydrates, sugar (monosaccharide) monomers link together
They can link in straight chains or branching
As straight chains, it would look like this
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar

13. How many link together?
The number of sugar monomers linked will vary with the type of carbohydrate
For example: If two monosaccharide monomers are linked it forms a disaccharide such as sucrose
Prefix mono- means one and prefix di- means two

14. Polysaccharide
Prefix poly- means many, so a polysaccharide consists of many linked monosaccharide monomers
Polysaccharides can be in linear chains or branched

15. How do they link?
When two monomers link, the –OH groups on the two monomers react and release water as shown

17. What happens to carbohydrates in the cells?
Carbohydrates are broken down by cells back into the sugar monomers for energy
Water must be added back to the carbohydrate in order for this to happen
This is one of the reasons why living things need water!

18. Function of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have two main functions
1) Energy
2) Structure

19. Energy Plants store energy as the carbohydrate starch
Animals store energy in their liver and muscles as the carbohydrate glycogen

20. Structure
In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose
In some animals, the carbohydrate chitin forms the exoskeleton

21. Digesting Carbohydrates
In order to use carbohydrates for energy, animals must break apart the carbohydrate polymers – called digestion
Starch is easy to digest – most animals are able to
Cellulose is difficult to digest – only some animals are able to

22. Different Diets of Herbivores Cow
can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like starches and fruit to diet