1. CRANIUM – THE SKULL Coto The skull is a head part of the skeleton.
It is made up of a number of fused flat bones.
It provides a protective cavity for the brain (cranial cavity)
It also houses some organs such as eyes, ears, nose and mouth
It has a defensive function by way of the horns
It contains many foramina, processus and small cavities (sinuses) for the protection, defensive and supporting function.
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2. CRANIUM – THE SKULL Coto
The skull is formed by several articulated flat bones
The types of the joints between the bones are stationary sutura (except mandible and hyoid bone)
Some of the bones (pneumatic bones) also have an air cavity (sinus) for some vital functions
NEUROCRANIUM
VISCEROCRANIUM
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3. CRANIUM – THE SKULL Coto The skull is composed of two parts;
NEUROCRANIUM VISCEROCRANIUM
(forms the cranial cavity) (supports the face)
OS OCCIPITALE
OS INTERPARIETALE
OS PARIETALE
OS FRONTALE
OS ETHMOIDALE
OS SPHENOIDALE
OS TEMPORALE
OS PTERYGOIDEUM
VOMER
- OS NASALE
OS ROSTRALE
OS LACRIMALE
OS ZYGOMATICUM
OS MAXILLARE
OS INCISIVUM
OS PALATINUM
MANDIBULA
OS HYOIDEUM
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4. NEUROCRANIUM
It forms the margins of the cranial cavity of the skull which houses brain. It has a roof, a floor, and walls (laterl, nasal, nuchal) like a box
Os occipitale
Os interparietale
Os parietale
Os frontale
Os ethmoidale
Os sphenoidale
Os temporale
Os pterygoideum
vomer
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5. OS OCCIPITALE
It is located on the nuchal wall of the skull. It encloses the foramen magnum which links the brain and spinal cord.
PARS BASILARIS
Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Foramen lacerum (eq, su)
Foramen jugulare (Car, ru)
PARS LATERALIS
Condylus occipitalis
Processus jugularis
Canalis ni hypoglossi
SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS
Crista nuchae (Car, eq, su) – Linea nuchae (ru)
Protuberantia occipitalis externa (absent in Su)
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6. OS OCCIPITALE
It is located on the nuchal wall of the skull. It encloses the foramen magnum which links the brain and spinal cord.
PARS BASILARIS
Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Foramen lacerum (eq, su)
Foramen jugulare (Car, ru)
PARS LATERALIS
Condylus occipitalis
Processus jugularis
Canalis ni hypoglossi
SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS
Crista nuchae (Car, eq, su) – Linea nuchae (ru)
Protuberantia occipitalis externa (absent in Su)
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7. OS INTERPARIETALE Coto
It fuses with the parietal and occipal bones in adult
Processus tentoricus (Car, eq)
Tenterium cerebelli osseum
Tenterium cerebelli membranaceum
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8. OS PARIETALE Coto Tuber parietale
Crista sagittalis externa (eq ve car)
Planum nuchale (bo)
Planum parietale (ov, cap, su)
Planum temporale
Linea temporalis
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9. OS FRONTALE Coto SQUAMA FRONTALIS proc. cornualis (ru)
protuberantia intercornualis (ru)
proc.zygomaticus
arcus orbitae
lig.orbitale (Car, su)
for.supraorbitale (Car’da yok)
Sulcus supraorbitalis (ru)
fossa glandulae lacrimalis
PARS ORBITALIS
PARS NASALIS
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10. OS ETHMOIDALE Coto It resembles a horizontally placed tube.
Lamina perpendicularis
crista galli
Lamina cribrosa
fossa ethmoidalis
Lamina tectoria
Lamina basalis
Lamina orbitalis
Ethmoturbinalia
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11. OS TEMPORALE
The temporal bone is composed of squamous, petrosal and tympanic parts and forms the lateral wall of the cranial cavity.
It articulates with the mandible (art.temporomandibularis).
It consists of three parts; Pars squamosa, Pars petrosa, Pars tympanica
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12. Pars Squamosa
It has a cup-like basal part which is involved in the formation of the lateral wall of the cranial cavity.
Facies cerebralis
Facies temporalis
Linea temporalis
Fossa temporalis
Proc.zygomaticus
Fossa mandibulae
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13. Pars Tympanica
It is the retroventral part lying at the base of the skull.
Porus acusticus externus
Meatus acusticus externus
Bulla tympanica
(Absent in man
Oval-shaped in eq and ov,
Spere-shaped in Car,
Well-developed in bo and su)
Cavum tympani
***middle ear
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14. Pars Petrosa
It is the caudoventral part of the temporal bone.It locates at the inner surface.
Porus acusticus internus
Meatus acusticus internus
Proc.mastoideus (absent in su)
Proc.styloideus (Ru, eq)
***hyoid bone attaches***
For.stylomastoideum (Canalis facialis)
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15. OS SPHENOIDALE
It is an unpaired bone which forms the rostral part of the base of the cranial cavity. The shape of the bone like a wedge and it consists of two fused parts that are united synchondrosis intersphenoidalis at birth. OS PRESPHENOIDALE Ala orbitalis Corpus OS BASISPHENOIDALE Ala temporalis Proc.pterygoideus
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16. OS SPHENOIDALE Coto OS PRESPHENOIDALE Ala orbitalis
crista orbitasphenoidale
Corpus
canalis opticus
OS BASISPHENOIDALE
Ala temporalis
for.lacerum
(for.caroticum; Car)
(for.ovale; Car, ru)
fossa hypophysialis
dorsum sellae
sella turcica
Proc.pterygoideus
Saddle : Atın eyeri
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17. OS SPHENOIDALE Coto ***Crista orbitasphenoidale for.ethmoidale
(Car; forr.ethmoidalia)
for.opticum
fissura orbitalis (Car, eq)
for.rotundum (Car, eq)
for.orbitorotundum (Ru, su)
for.alare orale (rostrale ) (Car, eq)
for.alare aborale (caudale) (Car, eq)
canalis alaris
for.alare parvum (eq)
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18. OS PTERYGOIDEUM
It is a small paired bones at the base of the skull. It contrubutes the forming of the lateral wall of the choana. It takes the form of a flat bone which is situated between pterygoid process of sphenoid and perpendicular lamina of palatine bones
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19. OS VOMER Coto It is a long unpaired bone that extends the nasal cavity
sulcus vomeris
ala vomeris
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20. VISCEROCRANIUM
The bones of the face surround the nasal and oral cavity. Facial bones can show great variety in shape among species (even if within species especially in dogs).
os nasale
os rostrale
os lacrımale
os zygomatıcum
os maxıllare
os ıncısıvum
os palatınum
mandıbula
os hyoıdeum
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21. OS NASALE Coto Eq, ov, su Bo, cap car
It forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
It is situated rostral to the frontal bone
Inc.nasoincisiva (eq, su, bo) (absent in car)
Inc.nasomaxillaris (ov)
Processus nasalis : tapered rostral end
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Eq, ov, su
Bo, cap
car

22. OS LACRIMALE Coto It forms the rostral wall of the orbit.
Facies facialis
Fossa lacrimalis externa (su, ov)
Facies orbitalis
Fossa sacci lacrimalis (absent in su)
Foramen lacrimale
Foramina lacrimalia (su)
Canalis lacrimalis
Bulla lacrimalis (well-developed in ox)
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23. OS ZYGOMATICUM
Arcus zygomaticus : is formed by proc.temporalis of zygomatic bone and proc.zygomaticus of temporal bone
Processus temporalis and Processus frontalis (ru)
Crista facialis («S» shaped in ru)
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24. OS MAXILLA – Upper jaw Coto
Upper jaw bone is the largest bone of the skull.
Corpus maxilla
Processus alveolaris is a longitudinal ridge projects ventrally
Processus palatinus is a horizontal plate-like part that forms the basis of the hard palate.
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25. OS MAXILLA The Body Coto Crista facialis Tuber faciale (rum)
For.infraorbitale
Canalis infraorbitalis
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26. OS MAXILLA Alveolar process Coto
Juga alveolaria is ridges formed by the roots of cheek teeth
Margo alveolaris is free border of the bone for alveols of teeth
Margo interalveolaris is a space without teeth
Tuber maxilla is caudal enlarged part of the bone
Fossa pterygopalatina
I-For. maxillare
II-For. sphenopalatinum
III-For. palatinum aborale
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27. OS MAXILLA Palatine process Coto
It forms both the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity.
Caudally; it fuses with the palatine bone and in front; it forms the palatine fissure
Sutura palatina
For. palatinum majus
Canalis palatinus
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28. OS INCISIVUM
It forms the apex of the skull and participates in forming the hard palate.
Corpus ossis incisivi
Foramen incisivum (eq, car)
Fissura incisiva (ru, su)
Processus palatinus
Fissura palatina
Processus nasalis
Inc. nasoincisiva
Processus alveolaris
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29. OS PALATINUM Coto It is situated behind the maxilla.
Lamina horizontalis contrubutes to the formation of the hard palate
Lamina perpendicularis margins the lateral wall of the choana
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30. MANDIBULA The Lower jaw bone Coto
Mandible is the lowest part of the skull. It holds the lower teeth and attaches the cranium with a movable joint (art.temporomandibularis)
The left and right bones are formed a rostral line (synchondrosis intermandibularis) by the fusion during mandibular development after birth
Spatium mandibulare is a space between two bones. The tongue fills the space in living animals
* CORPUS MANDIBULAE
* RAMUS MANDIBULAE
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31. MANDIBULA The Body Coto Facies labialis Facies buccalis
Facies lingualis
Margo ventralis
Margo alveolaris
Alveoli dentales
Margo interalveolaris
Foramen mentale
Foramina mentalia (car, su)
Inc. vasorum facialium
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32. MANDIBULA The Arm Coto Processus muscularis ( proc.coronoideus )
Processus articularis ( proc.condylaris )
Caput mandibulae
Collum mandibulae
Incisura mandibulae
Fossa masseterica (Car)
Foramen mandibulae
Canalis mandibulae
Processus angularis (Car)
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33. OS HYOIDEUM
Hyoid bone is a seperate bone from the cranium like mandible. It attaches the styloid process (mastoid process in car.) of the temporal bone and forms a slightly movable joint. The bone comprises several rod-shaped elements articulate with each other.
Basihyoideum
Proc. lingualis
Thyrohyoideum
Ceratohyoideum
Epihyoideum
Stylohyoideum
Tympanohyoideum
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