1. 7
Artisan and Yeast Breads

2. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
select and use yeast properly.
perform the 10 steps involved in yeast bread production.
understand artisan bread-making techniques.
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3. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
mix yeast doughs using the straight dough method and the sponge method.
mix yeast doughs using pre-fermentation and sourdough techniques.
prepare artisan breads.
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4. Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
prepare a variety of yeast breads, bagels, flatbreads and other bread varieties.

5. Yeast
A living organism, one-celled fungus, with various strains present virtually everywhere.
Yeast feeds on carbohydrates present in starches and sugars in bread dough, converting them to carbon dioxide and ethanol during fermentation:
Yeast + carbohydrates = alcohol + carbon dioxide

6. Yeast Basics
Carbon dioxide is trapped in the dough made with yeast, leavening the bread while the alcohol evaporates.
Yeast is very sensitive to temperature and moisture.
Salt inhibits the growth of yeast and controls the dough's rise.

7. Types of Yeast Bakers yeast is available in three forms:
Compressed, a mixture of yeast and starch with approximately 70% moisture content; it must be kept refrigerated.
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8. Types of Yeast Bakers yeast is available in three forms:
Active dry, with virtually no moisture, is dormant and can be stored without refrigeration for months.
Instant dry can be added directly to dry ingredients in a bread formula without rehydrating.

9. Natural Yeast Leaveners
Natural yeast starters used prior to the development of commercial yeast.
Made by capturing wild yeast in a liquid dough mixture

10. Table 7.1 Temperature for Yeast Development

11. Production Stages for Yeast Breads
Production is divided into 10 stages:
Scaling the ingredients
Mixing and kneading the dough
Fermenting the dough
Punching down the dough
Portioning the dough
Rounding the portions
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12. Production Stages for Yeast Breads
Production is divided into 10 stages:
Make-up: shaping the portions
Proofing the products
Baking the products
Cooling and storing the finished products

13. Obtaining Proper Dough Temperature
Yeast activity most beneficial when dough reaches 75°F to 80°F (24°C to 27°C) after mixing.
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14. Obtaining Proper Dough Temperature
Bakers use formula for adjusting temperature of the water used to make bread dough.
The formula takes into consideration:
the friction factor.
how much machine mixing warms dough.
ingredient temperature.
room temperature.

15. Mixing and Kneading Moistens ingredients
Develops the gluten web in wheat dough

16. Methods for Mixing and Kneading Yeast Dough
Straight-dough (direct) method
Pre-fermentation method, where dough is mixed in several stages:
Sponge
Old dough
Sourdough method

17. Fermentation Enhances the taste and texture of the finished bread
Takes place during two periods:
Bulk fermentation, where the entire mass rises before shaping
Proofing, the rise given to shaped yeast just prior to baking

18. Controlling Fermentation
Fermentation time is controlled by three factors:
Ingredients and their temperatures
Dough temperature
Room temperature

19. Punching Down and Forming Bread
Punching down dough, a gentle method of folding:
Expels gas pockets encouraging more yeast activity.
Evens out dough temperature.
Relaxes gluten.
Dough is divided then rounded before forming and placing in pans.

20. Proofing Proofing is the final rise.
Dough proofs in pans, linen canvas or baskets:
in a heated proof box with added humidity.
at room temperature.

21. Baking Yeast Bread
Chemical changes take place during baking that add to yeast bread's appeal.
Washes applied before baking effect bread's appearance.
Scoring (slashing) or docking dough before baking improves bread's appearance.
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22. Baking Yeast Bread
Steam in the oven allows dough to fully expand, contributes to crust formation and color.
Learning how to recognize when bread is fully baked is essential.

23. Artisan Yeast Breads
A style and way of making bread that is not easily defined
Hand-crafted with high-quality, traditional ingredients without additives or preservatives
Made with natural yeast starters preferred to contribute
Hand formed
Baked in hearth ovens

24. Ingredients for Artisan Bread
Natural yeast starter
May be used alone or with additional yeast to prepare bread
Sourdough is a type of natural yeast starter with a characteristic tangy taste although all starter is not sour.

25. Preparing Sourdough Bread Dough
Three stages:
Sourdough starter
Levain
Final dough

26. Techniques for Mixing Artisan Breads
Preferment
A batter or dough prepared ahead to add flavor to final dough
Old Dough
Poolish
Biga

27. Artisan Bread Production Stages
Production stages are the same as for all yeast dough.
Special attention at certain steps:
During mixing, autolyse resting technique used to fully develop the dough without over mixing.
Fermentation usually over an extended period at cool temperatures to aid development of flavor.

28. Evaluating Qualities of Bread
Bread is judged by:
External and internal appearance.
Pleasing evenly brown surface.
Crust not too thick or too thin.
Crust crisp or tender with being leathery.
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29. Evaluating Qualities of Bread
Bread is judged by:
Even crumb without being sticky or large irregular cell structure in artisan bread.
Flavor.
Aroma.
Good keeping properties.

30. Convenience Products
Bread bases are dry blends of specialty ingredients that must be added to a scratch formula or a mix.
Powdered sourdough starters give bread a tangy flavor.
Frozen dough enables restaurant operators to offer freshly baked bread.
Parbaked bread is solidified, unbrowned flash-frozen bread dough.