1. Beginnings of Civilization

2. Objectives
Analyze the conditions under which the first cities and civilizations arose.
Outline the basic features that define civilization.
Understand the ways in which civilizations have changed over time.

3. Terms and People
surplus – an amount more than is necessary
traditional economy – an economy that relies on habit, custom, or ritual and tends not to change over time
civilization – a complex, highly organized social order
steppe – sparse, dry grassland
polytheistic – based on a belief in many gods

4. Terms and People (continued)
artisan – a skilled craftsperson
pictograph – a simple drawing that looks like the object it represents; first step toward writing
scribe – a person specially trained to read and write
cultural diffusion – the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
city-state – political unit that included a city and the surrounding lands and villages
empire – a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler 4

5. How did the world’s first civilizations arise and develop?
The __________________________________ was a huge step in human development. Societies were becoming more organized and technological innovation was becoming increasingly complex.
A major change in human existence—the development of civilization—soon followed.

6. The earliest civilizations arose near major rivers.
_________________ ____________________. Floodwaters brought silt that kept the soil fertile.
Rivers provided water for drinking and transportation.
Animals that came to drink provided food.
The earliest civilizations arose near major rivers. 6

7. Favorable conditions enabled farmers to produce _____________, more food than was necessary.-
Away from cities, many people continued to live as hunter-gatherers. On sparse, dry steppes, nomadic herders raised cattle, sheep, goats, or other animals. 7

8. In these cities, some people were able to work at jobs other than farming.
This job specialization was a radical departure from the traditional economies of the Stone Age.
A _____________________relies on habit, custom, or ritual and tends not to change over time. -.

9. The world’s first civilizations arose in Africa and Asia, along the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus, and Huang Rivers.

10. -
The first civilizations in the Americas did not arise in river valleys.

11. In addition to cities, historians identify seven basic features of early civilizations.1 5 2 6 3 7 4 11

12. 1 Organized Governments
Centralized government oversaw large projects to meet the needs of the community. They -
Priests or warrior kings often claimed their right to rule from the gods and passed power to their sons. 12

13. Complex Religions 2
Most ancient people were ______________—they believed in many gods.
They appealed to the deities believed to control the forces of nature.
They sought to gain favor with complex rituals.
They built temples and made sacrifices.
Ceremonies required full-time, trained priests.

14. 3 Job Specialization Workers began to specialize in single tasks.
Artisans such as woodcarvers, weavers, potters, and bricklayers produced goods needed by the community.
Metalwork became particularly important. Weapons and tools were made first from copper and later from more durable bronze. -.

15. 4 Social Classes -. Priests and nobles had top ranks.
Next came a small class of wealthy merchants and artisans.
The vast majority were peasant farmers from surrounding villages.
Slaves often made up the lowest social level.

16. Arts and Architecture 5
Skills in these areas expressed the talents, beliefs, and values of their creators.
Large palaces and temples were reminders of a ruler’s power.
They were often decorated with paintings or statues of rulers, gods, or goddesses.
Ancient Egyptian temple

17. Public Works 6
Governments planned, built, and maintained large-scale projects to benefit the community. - -.

18. 7 Writing Most civilizations developed some form of writing.
Writing began as pictographs, drawings that resemble the object represented.
As complex writing systems developed, scribes were trained to read and write.
Scribes supported the government and economy by keeping important records, such as harvests and taxes.

19. Several factors caused civilizations to change over time.
Societies depended on resources such as stone, metals, or lumber.
Earthquakes, volcanoes, droughts, loss of soil fertility, or other changes could devastate a society.
Ideas, customs, and technology spread between cultures.
Migration, trade, and wars can be sources of cultural diffusion.

20. Several factors caused civilizations to change over time.
As rulers conquered territory, they incorporated neighboring lands.
Conquered people were forced to provide part of their harvest to the rulers.
Cities grew into city-states.
An empire was a group of states and territories conquered by one ruler.
Defeat could be painful but often ended wars.
The first empires were established.