1. Verb tenses

2. 12 common tenses

3. Perfect
usually end in –ed
Helping verb is a form of “have”
Progressive
ends in –ing
Helping verb is a form of “to be”
Perfect progressive
both “have” and “to be”

4. Action began in the past and continues or the effect still continues
Present perfect
Action began in the past and continues or the effect still continues

5. Past perfect
The action began and was completed in the past before another action or event

6. Future perfect
The action will have been completed at a specified time in the future

7. Present progressive
The action is happening at the same time as the statement is being made
She is skiing.

8. The action in the past occurred at the same time as another
Past progressive
The action in the past occurred at the same time as another
She was skiing.

9. The action is ongoing or continuous
Future progressive
The action is ongoing or continuous
She will be skiing again.

10. Present perfect progressive
The action has just stopped
An emphasis is placed on time
I have been working all afternoon.

11. Past perfect progressive
The action was continuous but occurred in the past
I had been walking.

12. Future perfect progressive
Action is continuous and will be completed in the future
We will have been walking.