1. Phrases + Clauses
SUTHERLAND HIGH SCHOOL

2. Phrases A phrase is a group of words without a finite verb.
A phrase is sensibly arranged within the sentence and conveys a single idea.
A phrase can never stand alone, but is always part of a sentence.
A phrase is also referred to as a ‘fragment’ of a sentence.
The shop around the corner is open twenty-four hours a day.
The company, specialising in travel, received the award.

3. Phrases may be classified as:
1. Adjectival Phrases
2. Noun Phrases
3. Adverbial Phrases

4. 1. ADJECTIVAL PHRASES These qualify (tell us more about) the noun.
The model with the dazzling smile came from Durban.

5. 2. NOUN PHRASES
These answer the questions who or what in connection with the noun.
Everyone in the courtroom stood when the Judge entered. (Who?)
Who stood when the judge entered?)

6. 3. ADVERBIAL PHRASES
These modify the verb and answer the questions as indicated.
Adverbial Phrase of Manner: HOW?
Adverbial Phrase of Time: WHEN?
Adverbial Phrase of Place: WHERE?
Adverbial Phrase of Reason: WHY?
Adverbial Phrase of Concession: Although, even though…

7. A Clause is a group of words containing a finite verb
CLAUSES
A Clause is a group of words containing a finite verb

8. CLAUSES A clause conveys a single idea.
A clause is sensibly arranged within a sentence.
A clause always contains a finite verb.
Underline the finite verb, and these will tell you how many clauses there are in each sentence.
As the sun went down, we listened to classical music .

9. CLAUSES MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS:
1. The main clause (Also known as the Independent Clause)
The main clause is the idea of the sentence.
It is able to stand alone and makes complete sense.
The van came to a halt after it had run out of petrol.

10. CLAUSES MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS:
2. The Subordinate Clause (also known as the Dependent Clause)
This always contains a verb but cannot stand alone.
It is dependent on the Main Clause for its meaning.
A comma often separates the Main Clause from its Subordinate Clause.
While the engine was running, the man jumped out of the car.

11. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES MAY FURTHER BE CLASSIFIED AS:
1. Noun Clauses
Noun Clauses perform the same function as Nouns. They can be replaced by it or that.
They may be the subject or object of the sentence and answer to who or what.
What they learnt at school helped them in the workplace.

12. Subordinate Clauses 2. Adjectival Clauses
A word or phrase inserted as an explanation or afterthought into a passage which is grammatically complete without it…
Subordinate Clauses
2. Adjectival Clauses
An Adjectival Clause always qualifies a word or words in the Main Clause.
It usually begins with who, which, that, whom and whose.
It is similar to additional information that is found in the parenthesis.
The girl who had the longest hair won the beauty competition.

13. Subordinate Clauses 3. Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial Clauses perform the same functions as Adverbs.
They may be classified as follows:
Time
When?
Place
Where?
Manner
How?
Reason
Why?
Concession
Though, although and however
Results
So…that
Purpose
So that
Condition
If, unless